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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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School History 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

OF 

AMERICA 

FROM THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES TO THE YEAR 1870. 

WITH MAPS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

By GEOKGE E. HOLMES, LL.D., 

Professor of History and Literature in the University of Virginia. 




V 

N EW YORK: 
UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO., 

4 Bond Street. 

Baltimore : 54 Lexington Street. 
1871. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by the 
UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 



This book contains a brief history of the United States. It is hoped 
that it may prove a serviceable manual for schools, till other years and 
calmer j udgments permit a more complete, accurate, and satisfactory 
account to be composed or accepted. Before the task was undertaken 
it was known that tnere was misapprehension or misrepresentation iu 
regard to the earlier periods, and that details were often discolored or 
disguised by political, sectional, or local prejudices. It is keenly felt 
that, during the late sad years, passions have been too violent and 
wounds too fresh for the preparation or reception of a dispassionate 
account. Many grave questions, too, are still in dispute without the 
possibility of reaching secure conclusions. 

These views are confirmed by the posthumous publication of some 
remarks of General Lee. In a letter dated 11th July, 1869, he writes : 

u I feel more strongly than I can describe the importance of a true 
history of the war between the Northern and Southern States, and 
had resolved to prepare a narrative of the military occurrences in Vir- 
ginia. I have not changed my purpose, but at first thought the times 
unpropitious. The passions of neither section had sufficiently cooUd to 
bear the truth, the only thing I cared to relate. I do not think that time 
has arrived yet, but it is approaching T 

Why, then, it may be asked, undertake to write a history at all ? 
Because there was an urgent demand for a manual on the subject 
which would not infect young minds with statements perverted and 
acrimonious. A just and impartial text-book was required; and this 
is an endeavor to supply one not consciously partisan or sectional. It 



PREFACE. 



may not be free from* errors and blemishes — but it observes the pre- 
cept, " Extenuate nothing, nor aught set down in malice." 

There is a constant and deliberate abstinence from comment on the 
transactions related. Their discussion is beyond the sphere of the 
young, and there has been no room to indulge in it. 

The Maps and Pictorial Illustrations will afford all requisite aid and 
all appropriate interest to the pupil. Maps of campaigns and plans 
of battles have been omitted, as they are deemed of little real service 
to the young learner. The Chronological Tables have been made full, 
as they are designed for habitual reference. To economize space and 
avoid perplexing details, the general course of battles has been stated, 
without noting the manoeuvres. The opposing numbers in the War 
of Secession have rarely been given, and the victory has often been 
kft unassigned. There is no agreement on such subjects, and can be 
none for years to come. 

Free use has been made of the labors of preceding writers, for which 
only a general acknowledgment can be made. All readily accessible 
sources of knowledge have been used in this compilation, whose chief 
originality consists in its spirit and in its mode of presenting the 
subject. 

The book is commended to the young scholar, with the wish that 
it may satisfy the immediate demand for information in regard to his 
country's history ; and with the assurance that there is a splendid 
destiny before that country, to which all may contribute by intelli- 
gence, industry, and elevation of personal character, and by that last 
and greatest of all virtues, charity for the peculiarities, the frailties, the 
temptations, and the sins of others. 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE 

I, The Subject and Arrangement of the Work 7 

II. The North American Indians 8 

III. Peculiarities of the North American Indians 12 

PART I. 
DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 

CHAPTER 

I. The Discovery of America, 1492-1501 16 

II. Progress of Spanish Discovery and Settlement 19 

III. French Discovery and Colonization 22 

IV. Dutch and Swedish Explorations and Settlement 25 

Chronological Table, 1492-1564 27 

PART II. 

THE ENGLISH COLON LES IN NORTH AMERICA. 

I. First English Attempts at Colonization 29 

II. Rescue and Growth of the Virginia Colony 36 

III. Plymouth Bay and Massachusetts Bay Colonies 41 

IV. Rhode Island and Connecticut 47 

V. Maryland 52 

VI. Virginia, 1660-1750 54 

VII. Massachusetts and the other Colonies of New England #9 

VIII. New York, 1664-1756. . . 66 

IX. New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania 69 

X. The Carolinas, 1630-1747 74 

XI. Georgia, 1732-1756 . 79 

XII. The Great French and Indian War, 1756-1763 83 

Chronological Table, 1576-1763 92 

PART III. 

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

I. The Prelude to the Revolution, 1763-1775 97 

II. The Revolution. First Two Years of the War, 1775-6 107 

III. The Revolution (continued). Transactions of 1777 and 1778 122 

IV. The Revolution (continued). Transactions of the Years 1779 and 1780 U7 

V. The Revolution (continued). From 1781 to the close of the War 150 

VI. The Establishment of the United States 163 

Chronological Table, 1763-1789 168 



6 



CONTENTS. 



PART IV. 

FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE MISSOURI 

COMFROMISE. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I, Washington's Administration, 1789-1797 173 

II. Administrations of John Adams and Jefferson, 1797-1809 181 

III. Madison's Administration and the War with Great Britain, 1809-1813 189 

IV. Madison's Administration and the War with Great Britain (continued), 

1814-15 203 

V. Monroe's Administration, to the Missouri Compromise, 1817-1821 216 

Chronological Table, 1789-1821 220 

PART V. 

FROM THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE TO THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 
I. Monroe's Second Term, and the Administration of John Quincy Adams, 

1821-1829 225 

II. Jackson's Administration, 1829-1837 229 

III. Administration of Martin Van Buren, General Harrison, and John Tyler, 

1837-1845 235 

IV. Administration of James K. Polk, and the Mexican War, 1845-1849 242 

V. Administrations of Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce, 1849-1857 254 

VI. Administration of James Buchanan, 1857-1861 260 

Chronological Table, 1821-1861 267 

PART VI. 

HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR AND THE YEARS ENSUING. 

I. Admini.stratkm of Abraham Lincoln. First Year of the War of Secession, 

1861 272 

II. President Lincoln's Administration (continued). Second Year of the War 

of Secession, 1862 . 282 

III. President Lincoln's Administration (continued). Third Year of the War of 

Secession, 1863 292 

IV. President Lincoln's Administration (continued). Fourth Year of the War 

of Secession, 1864 301 

V. Close of President Lincoln's Administration, and end of the War of Seces- 

sion, 1865 . 313 

VI. Administration of President Johnson and President Grant, 1865-1870 320 

Chronological Table, 1861-1870 328 

The Declaration of Independence 335 

The Constitution of the United States of America 340 

MAPS SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
I. Discoveries, Explorations, and Ethnographic Map of the Indian Tribes of 

the United States, a. d. 1600 14 

. II. French Claims in 1750, and the United States at the close of the Revolution . . 9"> 

III. The United States in 1820 220 

IV. The United States in 1870 326 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



INTRODUCTION. 
I. 

The Subject and Arrangement of the Work. 

Summary, — 1. Design of the work. 2. Situation and natural advantages of the 
United States. 3. Necessity of showing the origin of the component parts of 
the confederation. 4. Plan of this history. 5. The natives of America to be 
first noticed. 

1. This work presents a short account of the origin and 
growth of the United States of North America. The great 
republic already covers more than a third of that continent. 
Its extent, its government, its wealth, its power, and its 
prospective destiny render its history interesting and in- 
structive to all. 

2. The United States occupies the middle and most desir- 
able portion of North America. It stretches from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific Ocean, and fi *om the St. Lawrence, the 
Great Lakes, and the Columbia River to the gulfs of Mexico 
and California. The purchase of Alaska has carried its 
northwestern limits to the Polar Sea. This immense terri- 
tory possesses numerous harbors on its seas and lakes ; it is 
traversed in all directions by great rivers ; it has a fertile 
soil, a genial and diversified climate ; and it is blessed with 
great abundance and variety of agricultural and mineral 
productions. 



1. What does this work present? How much of North America is already cov- 
ered hy the United States ? Why is the history of the country interesting to all ? 

2. What part of North America is occupied by the United States ? Where does it 
reach the Polar Sea ? What is the character of its territory ? 



8 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



3. This mighty confederation of states has sprung from 
small and often obscure beginnings, and has grown strong 
by the junction of separate settlements, and by acquiring 
the colonies and possessions of other nations. Hence it is 
necessary to notice the course of discovery and occupation, 
and to trace the different origin of the communities now 
united under one political authority. 

4. This history will accordingly be distributed into the 
following parts : — 

I. Discovery and Colonization of America. 
II. English Golonies in North America, 1576 to 1763. 

III. The American Revolution and the establishment of 

the United States, 1763 to 1789. 

IV. The United States to the Missouri Compromise, 

1789 to 1820. 

V. The United States to the Secession of the Southern 
States, 1820 to 1861. 
VI. The Civil War and the years ensuing, 1861 to 1870. 

5. Awkward interruptions of the narrative will be pre- 
vented by introducing at this point a brief notice of the 
native inhabitants of the country who were displaced by the 
progress of European settlement. 

II. 

The North American Indians. 

Summary. The natives, sole occupants of America at the close of the fifteenth 
century. 2. Condition of the North American Indians. 3. Indian races. 
4. The Algonquins — their location and tribes. 5. The Iroquois. 6. The 
Appalachians. 7. The Cherokees. 8. The Dacotahs and their tribes. 9. 
The Shoshonees. 1 0. The other stocks. 

1. The whole of America was in possession of native tribes 
till the last years of the fifteenth century. They were called 
Indians because it was supposed that India had been reached 

3. How has this confederation arisen ? What is necessary in consequence ? 

4. How is this history distributed? What must be noticed before proceeding 
with this history ? 

II. — 1. Who possessed the whole of America? Why were the natives called 
Indians? Is their origin known? What seems to have been their early home? 
What indicates a previous race in America ? 



NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



9 



when the New World was discovered. The origin and early 
fortunes of the race have not been ascertained. The north 
of Asia seems to have been their primeval home. Earth- 
works, and burial-mounds, and curious relics scattered over 
the Mississippi Yalley and elsewhere, show that they had 
been preceded by more advanced populations of kindred or 
of alien blood. But all is dark and doubtful. 

2. The Mexicans 
had made much 
progress in civil 
and industrial arts. 
But the Aborigines 
within the limits of 
the United States 
were savages, and, 
with a few excep- 
tions, were hunting \ 
or fishing tribes. 
Those dwelling east j 
of the Rocky' 
Mountains are usu- 
ally meant when 
the North Ameri- 
can Indians are 
spoken of, and will 
alone be noticed 
here. 

3. Most of these 
Indians may be as- 
signed to six prominent stocks : I. The Algonquins (air 
gon'kwins)\ II. The Iroquois (ir-o-lcwoy'), or Mingoes; HI. 
The Appalachians {ap-pal-cdki-ans) ; IV. The Cherokees ; V. 
The Decotahs (da-ko'tas) ; VI. The Shoshonees. Less 
prominent races are : VII. The Chicoras (she-cd'ras) ; VIII. 

2. What native tribes had made some advances in civilization ? What was the 
condition of the rest ? Who are meant by North American Indians ? 

3. What are the six principal stocks ? What are the less prominent races ? 

I* 




INDIANS AND WIGWAM. 



10 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The Catawbas; IX. The Uchees (yu-shees'); X. The 
Natchez ; XL The Apachees, and XII. The Cheyennes 
(ski-ens'). 

4. A glance at the Ethnographical Map will show the 
positions of most of these stocks. The Algonquins were the 
most numerous and the most widely extended. They 
stretched from the sources of the Saskatchawan (sas-katctia- 
wan) to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and thence along the 
Atlantic coast to Cape Fear. A part of this territory was 
taken from them by the Iroquois. The Algonquins included 
the Powhatans (pow-hat-tans f ), the Delawares, the Manhat- 
tans (man-hat' tans), the Mohicans (mo-hee 'Jeans) , the Pe- 
quods (pee'kwods), the Narragansetts, and many other tribes. 
They were the chief enemies of the English settlers. 

5. The Iroquois were nearly surrounded by the Algon- 
quins. They are known in early times as the Five Nations. 
In the later period, after receiving the Tuscaroras (1712), 
they are called the Six Nations. The primitive alliance con- 
sisted of the Oneidas (d-nee'das), the Onondagas (o-non- 
dah'gas), the Mohawks, the Cayugas (ka-yu'gas) and the 
Senecas. 

6. The Appalachians, or Mobilians, spread from the Savan- 
nah River to the Sabine, and north ward to the mouth of the 
Ohio. They embraced the Creeks, the Choctaws, and the 
Chickasaws, and admitted the Seminoles (seni'm^oles) into 
their confederation. 

7. The Cherokees were surrounded by the three races 
already mentioned. They peopled the southern valleys of 
the Alleghany, and the rich lands along the Cumberland and 
the Tennessee. 

8. The Dacotahs were found on both sides of the Mis- 

4. Which was the most numerous stock ? What was the extent of their domain ? 
How had it been diminished ? What tribes were Algonquin ? 

5. Where were the Iroquois situated ? By what names are they known ? What 
tribes formed the primitive league ? What was the sixth tribe ? 

6. What were the limits of tne Appalachians ? What tribes did they embrace ? 

7. How were the Cherokees placed ? What region did they inhabit? 

8. Where were the Dacotahs found? What was the extent of their claims? What 
tribes' did they comprehend ? 



NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



11 



sissippi, but their main possessions lay west of it. They 
claimed almost the whole valley of the Missouri and of the 
Arkansas {ark' an- saw). They comprehended the Sioux (sod) , 
Winnebagoes, Iowas (i-o-ways'), Quaggas, Osages, Otoes, 
Missouris, Omahas (om-a-haws'), Pawnees, Arickarees, Min- 
nitarees, Mandans, Arkansas (ark-an-saws') , and Kansas. 

9. The Shoshonees (sho'sho-nees) border on the Dacotahs 
to the southwest. They lie beyond the limits of the map 
which has been given. They do not appear in the history of 
English settlement. They start from the peaks that overlook 
the fountains of the Columbia, the Colorado (col- 6 -rah 'do), 
and the Missouri, and sweep over the Rocky Mountains 
from the frontiers of Oregon and California to the plains of 
Texas and the mouth of the Rio Grande. The Comanches 
(co-man' shees) are amongst them, but are scarcely of them. 

10. Our information in regard to the less important stocks 
is unsatisfactory. The Chicoras occupied the Carolinas ; the 
Yemassees (yem'as-sees) along the coast were their chief 
tribe. Inland were the Catawbas — strangers driven south- 
ward by the Iroquois. The lichees dwelt amid the romantic 
scenery round the head of the Savannah. The Natchez on 
the east bank of the Mississippi have been referred to a 
Mexican origin ; but there is not sufficient evidence of such 
descent. Little is known of the connections of the Chey- 
ennes along the Red River of the North ; or of the 
Apachees in New Mexico and the Mexican provinces. The 
other Indian races may be left unnoticed. 

9. What was the position of the Shoshonees? and the range of their dominion? 

10. Where did the Chicoras dwell? Which was their chief tribe? What tribe 
in the interior? Where were the Uchees ? Where w T ere the Natchez? and what 
origin has been ascribed to them ? Where were the Cheyennes and Apachees ? What 
is known of them? 



12 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



III. 

Peculiarities of the North American Indians. 

Summary.— \ . Physical characteristics of the Indians. 2. Moral characteristics. 
3. Habits, occupations, arts. 4. Warfare. 5. Treatment of women— of children 
—of the old and the diseased. 6. Religion. 7. Indian conception of death. 
8. Political condition. 9. Ignorance of letters— picture-writing. 10. Indians 
at first dangerous. 

1. The North American Indians are of a reddish brown, 
or copper complexion, and have been called Red Men in con- 
sequence. They are tall, straight, active, and graceful, but 
they cannot sustain long continued toil. Deformity is rarely 
found among them. Their features are generally regular. 
Their hair is black, straight, and long ; but the beard is 
scanty, or entirely wanting. 

2. The senses of the Indian are quick, and his observation 
acute ; but he has little capacity for reflection. He is guided 
chiefly by custom, appetite, or passion. He is bold, but pre- 
fers cunning : he is sometimes magnanimous, but more fre- 
quently treacherous and vindictive. He is improvident and 
reckless; he is fond of finery, fond of sports, and addicted 
to gambling. He is haughty, and with strangers he is re- 
served. 

3. The habits of the Indian agreed with this character. 
Hunting was his main employment ; Agriculture only aided 
the uncertain subsistence obtained by the chase, or by fish- 
ing. He had neither flocks nor herds, and no domestic ani- 
mal but his dog. He was ignorant of the plough, the 
harrow, and the spade ; and had no acquaintance with iron. 
His knowledge of useful arts was very small. He hacked 
down trees with axes of stone, and shaped them for use 

HI.— 1. What is the complexion of the Indians? What name have they received 
from this ? What are their physical qualities ? 

2. What are the excellences, and what the defects of the Indian ? By what is he 
guided ? What is his character ? 

3. With what do the Indian's habits agree ? What is his main employment ? For 
what is agriculture pursued? What was his knowledge of tools, etc. ? What was 
the character of Indian implements, weapon^, habitations, clothing, cookery, etc. ? 



NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



13 



with similar tools, and with fire. His weapons were the bow 
and arrow, the spear, the club, the tomahawk, and the scalping, 
knife. His tent or wigwam was made of poles covered with 
bark or skins. Wild 
animals furnished 
him with clothing. 
His cooking and other 
vessels were of stone, 
wood, or coarse pot- 
tery ; and the prepa- 
ration of his food was 
as rude as the means 
of preparing it. 

4. W a r was the 
Indian's passion. He 
entered upon it with 
savage glee. He 
adorned himself for 
battle, and made his 
face hideous with 
paint. He revelled 
in carnage, and tore 
the bleeding scalp 
from his foe to dec- 
orate his wigwam. 
His captives were 
tied to a stake and 
subjected to cruel 
tortures. In their 
agony they chanted 
their death- song, cel- 
ebrating their own 
exploits, and reviling 
their conquerors. 

4. How was war regarded by the Indian ? How.^lid he prepare himself for batilt : 
How did he treat his enemy, and his captive? How did captives conduct them 
selves ? 




AN INDIAN. 



14 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




5. The labors of the tent, the field, the' 
journey, and nearly all the simple arts 
required, were imposed upon the women, 
who were drudges and slaves. Handi- 
craft, or labor, was unmanly. The bride 
was bought, sold, and traded like a bale 
of beaver-skins. Children were neglected 
after infancy. The old and diseased were 
often abandoned, and were sometimes 
put to death, to be rid of the duty of 
supporting them. 

6. Many divinities were adored by the 
Indians, but a supreme God was only 
vaguely recognized. The rites of wor- 
ship were reserved for inferior and ma- 
lignant powers. Simple sacrifices were 
common ; human victims were rarely 
offered. Seers and prophets arose with 
no commission but their own pretensions. 
The Medicine-Man discharged the sacred 
offices of healing, charming, and inter- 
preting dreams. 

7. The Indian looked upon death as 
simply a migration to the Happy Land. 
His bow, his quiver, his tomahawk, and 
his richest garments were buried with 
him, that he might at once resume his 
earthly career. His bowl, and corn, and 
venison, and tobacco, and pipe, were 
placed in the grave, that he might not 
hunger or faint on his long journey. 

8. There was scarcely any government 
among the Indians. The authority of the 

INDIAN BOW, ARROW, ETC 

chief, or sachem, depended on his own 

5. On whom did nearly all labors rest ? What was the condition of women ? 
How was toil regarded ? How were brides obtained ? How were children, the old, 

and the sick treated ? 





NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



15 



character and the whim of his subjects. Each warrior was 
the equal of his fellows in the village. The wise men exer- 
cised some control by their experience, or their eloquence. 
There were no courts, no judges, no legal penalties: — there 
was no permanent property and no law. The redress of in- 
juries was left to private vengeance and the interference of 
friends. War was declared by symbols — a belt painted red, 
a few arrows, or a bundle of bloody sticks. Peace was con- 
firmed by the exchange of presents, the burial of the hatchet, 
and by smoking the calumet, or pipe of peace. 

9. Letters and the art of writing were unknown to the 
natives of America. It was only after long contact with civil- 
ized people that the Cherokee, Sequoyah (se-Jcwoi'a A), or George 
Guess, invented (1827) signs for the sounds of his own speech. 
Pictorial emblems, however, were used to convey informa- 
tion, or to perpetuate the memory of important events. 

10. Such were the savages who made war upon the Euro- 
pean settlers. Their animosity was usually provoked by 
injury and injustice; but their vengeance was ferocious and 
undiscriminating. They might harass or destroy an infant 
colony, or an outpost on the verge of the wilderness; they 
might inflict horrible woes on small and scattered commu- 
nities, but they could not effectually resist societies which 
had acquired consistency and strength. They have melted 
away before the advancing steps of the pale-faces ; and, to 
the next generation, the story of the Indians may be the 
legend of an extinct race. 

6. What divinities were acknowledged? To which was worship rendered? 
What sacrifices were offered ? How were seers and prophets commissioned? What 
were the duties of the Medicine-Man ? 

7. How was death regarded ? How were the dead furnished for their future life 
and journey? 

8. What wa^ the character of Indian government? How was the tribe con- 
trolled? What protection against wrong? How was war declared? How was 
peace confirmed ? 

9. Were the Indians acquainted with letters? Who invented signs for Indian 
sounds ? What substitute for writing was employed ? 

10. How was the Indian hostility usually provoked? Under what circumstances 
was it dangerous? What has been the fortune of the Indians ? and what is their 
probable destiny ? 



PART L 

DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF AMERICA, 



CHAPTER I. 
The Discovery of America — 1492-1501. 

Summary,— 1. Legends of early discovery and settlement in America. 2. Portu- 
guese adventure, and Christopher Columbus. 3. Discovery of America by Co- 
lumbus. 4. Second and Third Voyages of Columbus. 5. Arrest of Columbus- 
last voyage, and death. 6. Discoveries of Ojeda, Pinzon, Cabral, and Cortcreal. 

1. Dim traditions in the ancient time spoke of the Island 
of Atlantis and the mainland of Antilia, far in the western 
seas. These have sometimes been received as proof that 
America had been visited by the Phoenicians. Still more 
fabulous is the report of an expedition to its shores, con- 
ducted by the Welsh prince Madoc (11 70). It is more 
credible that the Icelanders and Norwegians settled Green- 
land and the neighboring coasts about the end of the tenth 
century (970-1001). But America was wholly unknown to 
the civilized nations of Europe w^hen the fifteenth century 
was drawing to a close. 

2. Throughout that century maritime adventures had been 
eagerly and brilliantly pursued by the Portuguese. Acci- 
dent brought to Lisbon, the capital of their kingdom, Chris- 
topher Columbus, a Genoese navigator, already of high re- 
pute (1470). He became convinced that the shortest route 
to India might be found by sailing westward across the 
Atlantic Ocean. He applied to many States and Princes for 

1. Was America known to the ancients ? What traditions existed ? Who is said 
to have led a Welsh colony to America ? What other people are said to have settled 
there ? Was America known to Europe toward the end of the fifteenth century ? 

2. Where had maritime adventure been actively pursued ? What eminent seaman 
arrived at Lisbon ? What conviction did he reach ? What success attended his en- 
deavors to carry this belief into effect? How was he enabled to execute his design? 



1492.] DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 17 

means to execute his design. He met with sore disappoint- 
ments ; but, at length, Queen Isabella of Castile sanctioned 
and assisted his projects (17 April, 1492). 




COLUMBUS. 

3. With three small vessels Columbus sailed from Palos, 
in Spain (3 Aug., 1492). Land was discovered after weeks 
of trial and sinking hope (12 Oct.) It was the Island of 
Guanahani (gwah-na-hah'nee), or San Salvador. Columbus 
erected the cross, planted the banner of Castile, and took 
possession of the New World in the name of Queen Isabella. 
The ornaments of gold worn by the natives tempted him to 
cruise in quest of the gold regions. He discovered Cuba, 



3. Where did he Fail from? When did he first discover land ? For whom did he 
claim the New World ? What other discoveries did he make ? 



V 

18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1506. 



which he took to be Japan, and Hayti (ha'tee), which he 
named Hispaniola, or Little Spain. 

4. On a second voyage (1493-4) Columbus discovered 
Dominica (dom-in-ee 'ca) , Porto Rico (ree-co), Jamaica (ja- 
md'ca), and other strange islands. A settlement was made in 
Hayti. On a third voyage (1498) he arrived at the Island 
of Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco (o-rin-o'co). The 
size of the river indicated a continent, which was thought to 
be Asia, In the previous year John and Sebastian Cabot, 
sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, 
had discovered the mainland of North America. 

5. After Columbus had spent two years in the government 
of the New World, he was arrested and sent home in chains 
(17 Dec, 1500). '* He was released on reaching Spain, but 

was not restored 
to his dignities. 
His only subse- 
quent employ- 
ment was the 
command of four 
crazy vessels, with 
which he sought a 
passage through 
the Gulf of Mexico 
to India and Chi- 
na (1502-1504). 
He died at Valla- 
dolid (20 May, 
1506) with the 
simple piety 
which had marked 
his life. 



4. What islands did he discover on his second voyage ? When did he arrive on his 
third voyage? Why was the country thought to be a continent ? What continent 
was it taken for ? Who had discovered North America ? 

5. How was Columbus mistreated? What was his only other expedition? For 
what purpose ? When did he die ? 




1508.] 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 



19 



6. The knowledge of the American shores had been largely 
extended by other explorers. Venezuela (yen-e-zwee'la) had 
been visited by Ojeda (o-hatha) (1499), who was accom- 
panied by the Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci (ves-poot'chee), 
from whom America has received its name. In the follow- 
ing year, Vincent Pinzon (pin'thon) discovered the Great 
River of the Amazons (13 Jan., 1500). Two months later 
* (March) Cabral, sailing far to the west on his way from Lis- 
bon to India, unexpectedly encountered Brazil, and added 
that immense and rich empire to the Portuguese Crown. 
Cortereal (cor-td-rd 'al), another Portuguese, made a hasty 
voyage to Canada (1500-1501), but was lost on the renewal 
of his enterprise. Early in the opening century, the cod- 
fisheries of Newfoundland had attracted the mariners of 
France, Spain, Portugal, and England. 



CHAPTER II. 
Progress of Spanish Discovery and Settlement. 

Summary, — 1 . Progress of exploration and settlement. Ponce de Leon, Porto 
Rico, and Florida. 2. Balboa— first sight of the Pacific Ocean. 3. Conquest of 
Peru, and Mexico. 4. Cortez explores the Gulf of California. 5. Explorations 
in other parts. Cabeza de Vaca crosses the Continent. 6. De Soto discovers and 
crosses the Mississippi. 7. Coronado in New Mexico and Texas. 8. Close of the 
Spanish explorations. 

1. European colonization in the New World commenced 
with the foundation of St. Domingo by Bartholomew Colum- 
bus (1496). The hope of obtaining gold stimulated explor- 
ations. It tempted Ponce de Leon (pon'thd dd let! on) to 
make the conquest of Porto Rico (1508). He had acquired 
wealth, but age had overtaken him. When deprived of his 
government, he sailed to seek " the Fountain of Youth," a 

6. How had the knowledge of America been extended ? Who had visited Vene- 
zuela ? From whom did America derive its name ? Who discovered the Amazon 
river ? By whom was Brazil discovered ? and how ? Whither did Cortereal sail ? 
What became of him ? What nations engaged early in the cod-fisheries of New- 
foundland? 

1. How did European colonization commence? What encouraged exploration? 
What, conquest was made by Ponce de Leon ? What did he seek m his old age ? 
Where did he reach the coast ? What name did he give it ? and why ? 



20 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1536. 



miraculous spring of which he had heard (1512). He reached 
the coast opposite the Bahamas (ba-hah 'mas) , and named 
it Florida, either from the abundance of its flowers, or from 
Palm Sunday (Pascua Florida), the day on which he landed. 
He did not find any cure for old age. 

2. Vasco Nunez (uooriyeth) di Balboa had established him- 
self on the Isthmus of Darien. He set out for the gold coun- 
tries of the south, in company with Francis Pizarro, and was 
gratified with the first sight of the Pacific Ocean (25 Sept., 
1513). It thus seemed to be proved that America was a con- 
tinent distinct from Asia. 

3. The projects of Balboa were carried out by Pizarro and 
Diego de Almagro (de-a'go da ahl-mah'gro) (1529), who over- 
threw the Incas of Peru, and conquered their empire. This 
conquest had been preceded by that of Mexico, an enterprise 
of greater difficulty, if not of greater daring. The civilization 
of Mexico was superior to any attained elsewmere in North 
America; but European arms and European arts prevailed 
over the numbers of a half-civilized and divided empire. In 
three brilliant campaigns (1519-21), Fernando Cortez (ccV- 
tez), a soldier of noble birth, of high talents, and of great dar- 
ing and energy, subjected the dominions of Mexico to the 
Spanish sceptre. 

4. As soon as the Spanish rule was confirmed, expeditions 
were sent out to explore the vast territory w T hich had been 
acquired. Some of these reached the Pacific Ocean. Cortez 
himself, in the last years of his government, examined the 
Gulf of California (1536). 

5. While these splendid successes were in progress, other 

2. Where had Balboa established himself ? What country did he seek? What 
did he see ? What did this prove ? 

3. By whom were his plans carried out? What empire did they subdue ? What 
previous conquest had been made ? What was the civilization of Mexico? Who 
achieved its conquest ? 

4. What expeditions were sent out? How far did they reach? What explora- 
tion by Cortez himself? 

5. What other parts had been visited ? Who obtained permission to subdue the 
region north of the Gulf of Mexico ? Where was Narvaez driven ashore? What 
became of him and his companions ? What exploit was performed by Cabeza de 
Vaca ? 



1 5 40.] SPANISH DISCO VER T AND SETTLEMENT. 



21 



parts of America were not neglected. Port Royal Harbor 
and the Combahee river in South Carolina were visited 
(1520). The Bay of New York, and the havens of Xew 
England were also entered (1527). Pamphilo de Narvaez 
(nar-vah'eth) obtained permission to explore and subjugate 
the country north of the Gulf of Mexico. He was driven 
on shore near Tampa Bay in Florida (14 April, 1528)- 
During seven months of hardship and exposure, he and all his 
companions were lost, except Cabeza de Vaca (cab-d'tha da 
vah'ka), thesecond in command, and three others, one of whom 
was a negro. They were detained several years by the Indians, 
but at length made their escape (1534), passed up the rivers 
of Arkansas, scaled the Rocky Mountains, approached the 
Pacific in Sonora, and were thence conveyed to the City of 
Mexico (May, 1536). 

6. The account of this surprising journey kindled the ardor 
of Hernan de Soto, the companion of Pizarro in the conquest 
of Peru. With a commission from Charles V., he entered 
Florida with one thousand men and three hundred horses 
(May, 1539). He reached the Savannah below Augusta, 
turned westward, descended the Coosa and Alabama rivers, and 
arrived at the Tombigbee (1540). In spite of losses and delays, 
he pushed forward, and stood on the banks of the Mississippi 
(1541). He forced the passage of the stream in the face of the 
hostile Dacotahs, and still advanced, ever inquiring for gold 
mines. He crossed the Ozark Mountains, but was compelled 
to retrace his steps. He expired on the shore of the Missis- 
sippi, and was buried beneath its waters (21 May, 1542). 

7. The year after De Soto entered Florida, Vasquez de 
Coronado {vets' keth da co-ro-nah' do) was ordered from Mexico, 
to discover the seven golden cities of Quivara (kee-vah'ra), of 
which Cibola was the chief (April, 1540). Cibola proved to 

6. Who was excited by the account of this journey? With what force did De 
Soto enter Florida ? What was his route ? How far westward did he go ? Where 
did he die ? and how was he buried ? 

7. What orders were given to Coronado? What did Cibola prove to be? How 
far did Coronado proceed ? In what condition did he return to Mexico ? 



22 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1535. 



be a petty hamlet on the little Colorado (col- o-rah'do). Next 
spring Coronado traversed the uplands of Texas, and reached 
the Canadian and Red rivers. He heard rumors of the great 
river into which they flowed. He regained Mexico in safety, 
but with shattered mind. 

8. Thus closed the brilliant series of Spanish explorations 
in North America. Some further discoveries were made in 
later times under the rule of the Viceroys of Mexico. 



CHAPTER III. 
French Discovery and Colonization. 

Summary.— 1. Verazzani 's voyage. 2. Explorations of Cartier. 3. Third voyage 
ofCartier. 4. Coligny's colony in South Carolina. 5. Coligny's second colony 
in Florida. 6. Melendez at St. Augustine, and massacre of the French colony. 
7. The massacre avenged by De Gourgues. 8. Renewal of French colonization. 
Chainplain. De Monts. 9. Discoveries of the Jesuits of Canada. 

1. Francis I. of France sought a share of the profits of 
transatlantic empire. He commissioned John Verazzani 
(va-rat-tsah'nee), a Florentine, to make a voyage of American 
discovery. A single vessel bore Verazzani to the coast of 
North Carolina (15 24). Finding no havens to the south, he 
turned northward, passed the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, 
entered the harbor of New York, and coasted along New 
England and Nova Scotia. 

2. Ten years later, Jacques Cartier (zhahk cart'ya) of St. 
Malo's proceeded to Newfoundland (20 April, 1534). He 
ascended the broad river of Canada, till its shores could be 
seen on either side. Next year he entered the gulf west of 
Newfoundland, on the day dedicated to St. Lawrence, and 
bestowed on it the name of the Saint (10 Aug., 1535). 

8. Were any other important explorations made by the Spaniard^ ? 

1. What did Francis I. seek? Whom did he send on a voyage of discovery ? 
Where did Verazzani make the coast ? What course did he then pursue ? 

2. What expedition was undertaken ten years later? How far did Cartier go? 
W T hat Gulf did he enter next year? What name did he give it ? Why ? To what 
has the name been extended ? How high did Cartier ascend the river in his ships ? 
How high by boat ? Where did he winter ? When did he return home ? 



1565.] 



F BENCH DISCO VEB Y AND COL ONIZA TION. 



23 



From the gulf, the name was extended to the noble stream 
which brings down the waters of the inland seas. He passed 
up the river to the fair isle which faces Quebec, and thence 
by boat to the chief Algonquin settlement on the Island of 
Hochelaga, (hosh-e-lah f ga). He wintered at the Isle of Or- 
leans (or'leenz), where he had left his ships, took possession of 
the country for France, and sailed home in the spring. 

3. A third attempt was made by Cartier four years later 
(1540), but it failed utterly; and fifty years passed away be- 
fore the French Crown resumed the project of colonization. 

4. Religious zeal took up the task abandoned by kings. 
Admiral Coligny (co-leen'ye) obtained leave to found a re- 
fuge in America for his fellow-Protestants. John Ribault 
{re-bo') commanded the emigrants. He reached the coast of 
Florida at the mouth of the St. John's river (May, 1562), 
but planted the colony on Port Royal Harbor, at Fort Charles, 
or Carolina. Ribault sailed back to France, and the post 
was abandoned in his absence. 

5. Coligny renewed the enterprise. Laudonniere (lo-don- 
yare') transported in three ships a number of enthusiasts, 
attracted by reports of the -delightful climate, the exquisite 
productions, and the gold of the Southern land. They disem- 
barked at the River of May — the St. John's (8 Dec, 1564) — ■ 
and built a second Fort Carolina on its banks. Discords 
and divisions arose : destitution and despair succeeded. 
Preparations were made to desert the country; but Ribault 
returned with fresh settlers, accompanied by their families, 
and furnished with the means of husbandry (3 Aug., 1565). 

6. Spain regarded other nations in America as intruders on 
her peculiar dominion. Philip II., accordingly, urged Pedro 

3. When did be make a third attempt ? With what success? How long before 
the French Crown resumed the project ? 

4. Who took up the task ? What was Coligny's design ? Who commanded the 
emigrants ? Where did they reach the coast ? Where did they build their fort ? 
Did they remain long ? 

5. Was the enterprise renewed? Who was the leader of the colonists ? Where 
did they settle ? What did they contemplate ? How were they detained ? 

6. How did Spain regard other nations in America ? What did Philip II. urge ? 
When did Melendez come in sight of land ? On what did he confer the name of St. 
Augustine ? What did he state as his commission ? How was the threat executed ? 



24 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1635. 



Melendez {ma-len 1 deth) de Avila to colonize Florida. Me- 
lendez came in sight of land on the day dedicated to St. Au- 
gustine (28 Aug., 15 65), whose name he gave to the fine 
river and harbor discovered five days afterward. To the 
French whom he met he announced his commission to gibbet 
and behead all Protestants found in these regions. The 
threat was soon carried into execution. Melendez took ad- 
vantage of the absence of Ribault, and the weakness of the 
garrison left behind, and surprised Fort Carolina (21 Sept.). 
Nearly all the colonists were butchered, " not as Frenchmen, 
but as Huguenots." 

7. This atrocity was not wholly unavenged. Dominic de 
Gourgues {goorg), a Gascon, fitted out three ships to punish 
the outrage. He took two Spanish Forts, and retook Fort 
Carolina (1568). He hanged his prisoners, " not as Spaniards, 
but as traitors, robbers, and murderers." 

8. When the Wars of Religion were ended in France, colon- 
ization was resumed under a commission from Henry IV. to 
the Marquis de la Roche (rosh) (1596). Some convicts 
were settled on Sable Island, but remained only a few years. 
The merchants of Rouen (roo-ong) employed Samuel Cham- 
plain {sham! plane) (1603), who became the father of the 
French plantations in America. The district of Acadie 
{ak'adee) on the Gulf of St. Lawrence was conceded to the 
Huguenot, De Monts {de mong). His companion, Poutrin- 
court {jyoo-ang-coor), founded Port Royal in Nova Scotia, 
now called Annapolis (1604.) This grant was revoked, and 
Quebec was founded by Champlain (1601), who devoted the 
rest of his life to confirming and extending the French do- 
minion in Canada, or New France (1608-1635). 

9. In fifty years from the death of Champlain, the Jesuits 

7. By whom was the outrage avenged? What reason was given for hanging the 
prisoners ? 

8. When was French colonization resumed ? By whom ? Who was employed by 
the merchants of Roueu? To whom was Acadie granted ? What town was founded 
in Acadie ? What city was founded by Champlain ? To what was the rest of Cham- 
plain's life devoted ? 

9. What discoveries by the Jesuits in the next fifty years ? 



1614.] 



DUTCH AND SWEDISH EXPLORATION'. 



25 



of Canada had penetrated the wilderness to the west, had dis- 
covered the Great Lakes, had reached the Mississippi, had 
descended its current to the mouth, and had acquired for 
France the unbounded territory of Louisiana. 



CHAPTEE IY. 
Dutch and Swedish Exploration and Settlement. 

Summary*— \. Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 2. Trading-posts, 
and commencement of Dutch colonization. 3. The charter of the New Nether- 
lands. 4. The Patroons. 5. Swedish settlements — conquered by the Dutch — 
Both taken by the English. 

1. The Dutch and Swedes were late in attempting coloni- 
zation in America, and they were soon supplanted by the 
English. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, was em- 
ployed by the Dutch East India Company to search for a 
northern passage to India (1609). His little vessel, the Half- 
Moon, was arrested by ice-fields, and he changed his course 
to the west; ran down the American coast to Cape Cod, and 
called the country New Holland. He sailed as far south as the 
Chesapeake Bay, and, returning, anchored within the bay 
of New York. He discovered the river now known by his 
name, and ascended it to the neighborhood of Albany. Drop- 
ping down the stream, he departed for Europe, having seen, 
but not having taken possession of, "the goodly land." Next 
year he perished in the great bay which perpetuates his 
name. 

2. The intelligence brought back by Hudson induced the 
merchants of Amsterdam to send trading-vessels to the new 
country (1610-1614). A fort was erected on Manhattan 

1 . Who were late in attempting colonization in America ? By whom were 
they displaced ? For what was Hudson employed ? What was the course of his 
voyage ? What river did he discover ? How high did he sail up ? When and where 
did he die ? 

2. What did Hudson's report induce ? What progress was made by the Dutch * 
What was their object? How were their views changed ? Who took possession 
of the Delaware ? What name was given to the country ? 

2 



26 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1637. 



Island, the small commencement of the city of New York 
(1614). The Connecticut Valley was visited. A settlement 
was begun just below Albany. Nothing but trade was con- 
templated till the formation of the Dutch West India Com- 
pany (1621). Then Cornelius Mey entered the Delaware, and 
took possession of its shores. The name of New Netherlands 
was given to the region from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod. 

B. A charter was granted to the colony (1629). Each em- 
igrant was allowed as much land as he could cultivate. Bar- 
onies were to be constituted under patroons for those who 
should plant settlements of fifty persons. These manors were 
to be supplied with negro slaves, "if the trade should prove 
lucrative." The manufacture of wool, cotton and linen in the 
province was forbidden. 

4. Under this charter one adventurer bought from the In- 
dians more than fifty miles between Cape Henlopen and the 
mouth of the Delaware. Staten (stat'tri) Island, Hoboken 
(hd-bd'kert), and the southern shore of New Jersey were, in 
like manner, appropriated. The country from Albany to the 
Mohawk was obtained by Van Rensselaer (re?i'sel-ar). These 
vast estates favored neither emigration nor industry. A 
foothold was, however, gained on the Connecticut, and a 
fort was built (1633). But the Dutch never took firm root 
in America. They barely escaped destruction by the Indians, 
whom they had provoked (1640-1643). 

5. The Dutch were annoyed by a competitor on their west- 
ern border. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and his great 
minister, Oxenstiern (pod en-stern) had urged colonization in 
America, declaring it to be " favorable to all Christendom, to 
Europe, and to the whole world." The Swedish emigrants 
were conducted to Delaware Bay (1637-8). The glory of the 
Swedish arms protected the infant colony; but Dutch jeal- 

3. What were the provisions of the Dutch charter? 

4. What large tracts were obtained under it ? Were such estates favorable to set- 
tlement ? What foothold was gained ? What danger did the colony escape ? 

5. How were the Dutch annoyed? Who encouraged emigration? What pro- 
tected the colony at first ? What order was given ? Who executed it ? Did the 
colony long survive ? To whom did it surrender ? 



1664.] 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART I. 



27 



ousy at length burst into open war. An order was issued 
a to drive the Swedes into the river, or to compel them to sub- 
mission" (1654). It was executed by Peter Stuyvesant (sty'- 
ve-sant), the governor of the New Netherlands. All the 
Swedish forts surrendered (1655). Nine years later the 
Dutch colony itself capitulated to Robert Nichols (3 Sept., 
1664) — the deputy of the Duke of York, to whom the coun- 
try between the Delaware and the Connecticut had been 
granted by his brother, Charles II. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART I. 

A. T>. 

1492. America discovered by Christopher Columbus. 

1497. The continent of North America discovered by John and Sebas- 

tian Cabot. 

1498. The continent of South America discovered by Columbus on his 

third voyage. 

1499. Amerigo Vespucci visits South America. 

1500. The Amazon river discovered by Vincent Pinzon. 

1512. Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

1513. First sight of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa. 
1521. Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortez. 

1524. Coast of North America explored by John Verazzani. 

1534. The St. Lawrence discovered by Jacques Cartier. 

1534-6. The continent of North America crossed by Cabeza de Vaca. 

1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi. 

1562. French Huguenots settle at Port Royal, in South Carolina. 

1564. French Huguenots in Florida. 

1565. St. Augustine built by the Spaniards under Melendez. 
'* The French in Florida massacred by Melendez. 

1568. De Gourgues avenges the massacre of the French. 
1604. Poutrincourt founds Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. 

1608. Quebec founded by Champlain. 

1609. Henry Hudson discovers, and sails up the Hudson river. 
1614. The Dutch build a fort on Manhattan Island. 

1638. The Swedes settle on Delaware Bay. 

1655. The Swedish colonists surrender to the Dutch. 

1664. The Dutch in the New Netherlands capitulate to the English. 



28 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON INTRODUCTION AND PART I. 

PAGE 



1. What is the situation and extent of the United States of North America ? . . . 7 

2. What are the parts or periods into which this History is divided ? 8 

3. Who were the first inhabitants of America ? 8 

4. What was their degree of civilization ? . 9 

5. Into what stocks may the North American Indians be divided ? 9 

6. What were the possessions and situations of these several stocks ? 10 

7. What are the characteristics, physical and mental, of the Indian ? 12 

8. What were Indian habits, occupations, arts, in war and peace ? ... 12 

9. What were the Indians' conceptions of religion and death ? 14 

10. What was the character of government, etc., among the Indians ? 14 

11. What legends pretend an ancient or early knowledge of America? 10 

12. By whom was America discovered ? 17 

13. Give an account of Christopher Columbus and his voyages ? 17 

14. Who first discovered the mainland of America ? 18 

15. Who first discovered South America ? 18 

16. What other discoveries were made in America by the beginning of the 

fifteenth century? 19 

17. Give an account of Ponce de Leon — his conquests and discoveries 19 

18. What great discovery was made by Balboa ? 20 

19. What were the exploits of Fernando Cortez ? 20 

20. What adventures were performed by Cabeza de Vaca— by De Soto— by 

Coronado ? 21 

21. Who made the first French exploration in American waters ? 22 

28. What were the discoveries of Jacques Cartier ? 22 

26. Give the story of the Huguenot colonies in Carolina and Florida 23 

24. What efforts at colonization were made by the French after the Wars of 

Religion ? 24 

25. By whom was the Hudson river discovered ? 25 

26. What was the progress and end of the Dutch settlements ? 26 

27. What were the fortunes of the Swedish settlements ? Where were they ? 26 



PART II 
THE ENGLISH COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA. 



CHAPTER I. 
First English Attempts at Coloistzation — 1576-1609. 

Summary, — 1. Frobisher's voyages. 2. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 3. Raleigh sends 
Amidas and Barlow to Virginia. 4. First English colony at Roanoke. 5. Drake 
takes off the colonists. 6. White's colony. 7. The Virginia Company. 8. Set- 
tlement of Jamestown. 9. Organization of the government. 10. Capt. John 
Smith. 11. Smith saved by Pocahontas. 12. Smith explores the Chesapeake. 
13. Second Charter. 14. Lord Delaware. 1 5. Smith's return. 

1. The English derived little benefit from the discovery 
of the mainland of America by the Cabots. Elizabeth had 
been nearly twenty years upon the throne before any serious 
effort was made to acquire an interest in the New World. 
Then, Martin Frobisher sailed in search of a northwest pas- 
sage to India (1576) ; and, in two other voyages (1577, 
1578), endeavored to discover gold and to plant an English 
colony on the edge of the frozen seas. 

2. Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent " to undertake 
the discovery of the northern parts of America" (1578). In 
conjunction with his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'- 
lee), he fitted out an expedition, which was driven back, 
(1579). He made a second attempt in the sixth and last year 
of his patent (1583). He took possession of Newfoundland, 
but the loss of a vessel off the coast of Maine compelled him 
to sail homeward with the two that remained. He was him- 



1 . Did the English profit by their first discovery of the American continent ? 
When were their first attempts at colonization made ? Who was their first explorer ? 
What were the objects of Frobisher? 

2. What was Gilbert's patent? Who was his partner? What was the result of 
his first adventure ? When did he make a second attempt ? What country did he 
take possession of? What compelled him to return ? How did the voyage end ? 



30 



HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. 



LI 585. 



self on board the Squirrel, the smaller and frailer bark, A 
storm overtook him. He cheered his men by exclaiming, 
" Courage, my lads, we are as near heaven on sea as on land.'' 
About midnight (9 Sept.), the lights of the Squirrel disap- 
peared. Her consort, the Hind, reached Falmouth alone. 

3. Gilbert's fate did not discourage his brothers. Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh secured another patent as ample as that which 
was about to expire. He sent Philip Amidas and Arthur 
Barlow with two vessels to make discoveries (1584). They 
landed on the Island of Wocoken, at the mouth of the Ocra- 
coke (o'cra-coke) inlet into Pamlico Sound. They were 
charmed with the sky, the waters, the woods, the flowers, and 
the natives. They carried to England two of the savages, 
Manteo and Wanchese (wan-chee'se). Elizabeth gave the 
name of Virginia to the beautiful land. 

4. Raleigh's kinsman, Sir Richard Grenville, took charge 
of a second expedition, conveying one hundred and eight 
emigrants (1585). Ralph Lane was to be governor of the 
colony. The fleet reached Roanoke Island in safety. After 
Grenville's departure, Lane examined the surrounding country, 
visited the town of the Chesapeakes on Elizabeth River, and 
heard of the great bay which retains their name. He explored 
the Roanoke River, in search of the gold and silver said to 
be found near its head. Harriott, the most illustrious of the 
emigrants, noted the culture of tobacco, Indian corn, and 
potatoes — all strange plants. He preached Christianity to the 
savages, — but they admired the arms and arts of the strangers 
more than their creed. Suspicion and jealousy succeeded 
their first surprise, for they concluded that " there were more 
of the English yet to come, to kill their people and fill their 
places. " 



3. Did Gilbert's fate discourage his brothers? How did Raleigh continue the en 
terprise ? Where did Amidas and Barlow land ? How were they pleased with the 
country ? What name was given to it by Elizabeth ? 

4. Who commanded the second expedition ? How many emigrants did it take 
out ? Who was governor ? Whither did the fleet proceed ? What explorations 
were made by Lane ? How did Harriott employ himself ? What excited the sus- 
picions of the savages ? 



1603.] 



FIRST ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 



31 



5. Wingina {win-jtna), a new and hostile chief, was treach- 
erously slain. The natives refused provisions, and famine was 
in prospect. Sir Francis Drake arrived while the community 
was scattered in search of food (1586), and carried the exiles 
back to England. Soon after their 
departure, Grenville reappeared. 
He left fifteen men to retain pos- 
session of the soil. Their blanched 
bones welcomed the next comers. 
So ended the first English colony 
in America. 

6. Raleigh made . new exertions. 
A company was formed, consist- 
ing of John White and eleven 
others (1587). Families were sent 
out to make a permanent settlement 
to be their destination, but the commander of the fleet landed 
them at Roanoke Island. The city of Raleigh was com- 
menced on its northern shore. Provisions were scarce, and 
the Indians unfriendly. Lane reluctantly returned to Eng- 
land for supplies and re-enforcements. He left behind 
eighty-nine men, seventeen women, and eleven children, in- 
cluding his grand-daughter, Virginia Dare, ten days old, the 
first English child born in America. Timely aid could not 
be sent : the city and colony of Raleigh were no more. 

7. Raleigh transferred his patent to a company (1587). 
On the accession of James I. (1603) it reverted to the crown, 
and a new charter was conceded to two companies, one con- 
sisting chiefly of London speculators; the other of inhabitants 



5. By what were they provoked? What consequence resulted? How did the 
colonists escape starvation ? Had relief been provided? How did Grenville retain 
possession ? With what success ? 

6. What new effort was made ? What locality was proposed ? Where were the 
passengers lauded ? What city did they commence ? What peril threatened them ? 
What relief was sought? How many persons did White leave behind? What be- 
came of them ? 

7. What did Raleigh next do? What change on the accession of James I. ? What 
district was assigned to the London, and what to the Plymouth company ? What 
were both subject to ? 




RALEIGH 1 S SHIPS. 

. The Chesapeake was 



32 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1606 



of Bristol, Exeter, and Plymouth, The Atlantic coast, be- 
tween 34° and 45° north latitude, was divided between these 
two bodies (1606). The London company was restricted to the 
southern, and the Plymouth company to the northern part. 
Both were subject to the "Council of Virginia," whose mem- 
bers were appointed by the King, and resided in England. 

8. Three small vessels were put under the command of 
Capt. Christopher Newport. They sailed in December, 1606, 
but were delayed by contrary winds. The colonists numbered 
one hundred and rive, including seven councillors for the 
government of the plantations, whose names were not yet 
known. Newport sailed for Roanoke, but was fortunately 
driven by a storm into the Chesapeake. The box containing 

the names cf the 
councillors was 
now opened: 
they were to 
elect one of their 
number presi- 
dent. After 
examining the 
neighboring 
bays, the voya- 
gers ascended the 
noble stream of 
Powhat an 
(pow-hat-tan 1 ), 
which they call- 
ed the James 
River, in honor 
of the English 
monarch. They 
selected a point of land on the northern shore for a settle- 

8. When and under whom did this expedition sail? What were its numbers? 
What place did they sail for, and whither were they driven ? Who were to be the 
governors ? What point was chosen for the colony ? What names were given to 
the river and settlement ? 




1607.] FIRST ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 



33 



ment, and here established Jamestown, the first permanent 
English colony in America (1607). 

9. It was long before such permanence was assured. The 
scene opened with dissension. Wingfield was elected presi- 
dent, but John Smith was denied his seat in the council. He 
had been arrested and confined on the voyage. When he at 
length obtained a trial, it resulted in his complete acquittal. 

10. Capt. John Smith was one of the most heroic charac- 
ters in that heroic age; his career was the most romantic in 
that adventurous time. He had fought in the Dutch and 
Turkish wars. He had slain three Turkish champions in 
single combat. He 
had been thrown in- 
to the sea by big- 
o t e d fellow-passen- 
gers. He had been a 
slave among the Turks 
and Tartars, and had 
escaped through Rus- 
sia and Poland, after 
killing his brutal mas- 
ter with a flail. He 
had been twice saved 
by the sudden favor 
of noble ladies. He 
had wandered through 
Germany, France, and 
Spain to Tangier (tan- 
jeer) and Morocco ; 
and had straggled back to England, at the age of twenty- 
five, in time to share in the renewed project of American 
colonization (1604). 




POCAHONTAS. 



9. How did the colony commence ? Who was elected president ? How was John 
Smith treated? 

10. What rendered Smith remarkable? What had been his previous career? 
When did he return to EDgland ? 

2* 



34 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1609. 



11. Smith visited King Powhatan at his town near the 
Falls of James River. Jamestown was attacked by the 
Indians in his absence. The site was unhealthy : an epidemic 
carried off half the colonists. The weak and selfish Wingfield 
was removed from the presidency, which was conferred upon 
Ratcliffe, another bad and inefficient man. Smith examined 
the Chickahominy (tchik 1 'a-hom 'in-ee) , which was supposed to 
offer a route to the Pacific. He was captured and carried to 
the Indian chief, Opechancanough (ope-kan 'ka-no) , and 
sent by him to Powhatan on the Pamunkey (pa-munk f ee) , 
or York River. It was resolved to put him to death. The 
executioners raised their clubs, but the king's young daugh- 
ter, Pocahontas (pd-ka-hitnt'as), threw herself on the victim, 
and averted the threatened blow. Smith was sent back to 
Jamestown, and peace was made with Powhatan. 

12. Early in the winter one hundred and twenty fresh em- 
igrants arrived; but provisions were scarce, and were ob- 
tained only by the activity of Smith. He devoted the sum- 
mer to a survey of the Chesapeake, .exploring its harbors, 
inlets, and tributaries (June-Sept., 1608). On his return to 
Jamestown he was made president of the council, but met 
with factious and treacherous opposition. He visited Pow- 
hatan again (1609). The king spoke of his age, his desire 
for peace, and the fear of the English, which had driven his 
people into the woods, where " if a twig but break, every one 
crieth, there cometh Capt. Smith." He proceeded to Ope- 
chancanough's abode on the Pamunkey, seized him by the 
hair in the midst of his warriors, and took him prisoner. 
Some provisions were secured by these bold measures. 

13. With the last supplies and re-enforcements, the London 



1 1 . What was Smith's first service ? What was the condition of Jamestown ? 
What stream did Smith next examine ? Why ? What misfortunes befell him ? How 
was his life preserved ? What good result followed ? 

1 2. What addition was made to the colony ? What was its condition ? How did 
Smith employ the summer? What appointment did he receive on his return? 
What efforts did he make to sustain the people ? 

13. What demands had been made by the London company? What change re- 
sulted from failure to satisfy them ? How was the territory of Virginia increased ? 
What rights were promised to the colonists? 



1617.] FIRST ENGLISH A T TEMPTS A T COLONIZATION. 



35 



company had sent a demand for a lump of gold, the discov- 
ery of a certain passage to the Pacific, or one of the missing 
colonists of Roanoke. They had also required a return freight 
equal to the cost of the adventure, otherwise the exiles " should 
be left in Virginia as banished men." These demands were 
not satisfied. A new charter was sought and obtained (23 
May, 1609). The limits of the colony were extended; they 
were stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and made to 
include all islands within one hundred miles of either shore. 
The colonists and their descendants were declared " natural 
British subjects." 

14. Lord Delaware was elected governor and captain- 
general for life. Nine vessels sailed from Plymouth with 
five hundred emigrants on board (2 June, 1609). One ship 
was sunk in a storm. The Sea- Ad venture, conveying Gates, 
Somers, and Newport, the three commissioners intrusted with 
the new government, was stranded on the Bermudas (ber- 
moo'das). The other seven arrived at Jamestown, much in- 
jured, and with a loss of most of their supplies. 

15. The aspect of affairs was alarming. With the new 
charter the former government was at an end. The only con- 
trol was Smith's personal influence ; but his most factious op- 
ponents had returned Hardships and disorders increased. 
Smith undertook new plantations, but on a voyage down 
James river, he was terribly injured by the explosion of a 
bag of powder. An attempt was made to murder him, 
maimed as he was. He returned to England for medical aid, 
and never revisited Virginia. His career was extended by 
the exploration and description of the shores of New Eng- 
land, and he was created admiral of that country by the 
Plymouth company (1614-1617). He died in London 
(1631), leaving to the wide regions which he had opened to 

14. Who was elected the new governor ? How many vessels and emigrants were 
sent out ? What fortune attended the fleet ? 

15. What rendered affairs alarming ? Who exercised the only control ? What 
caused Smith's departure? Did he ever revisit Virginia? How was his career ex- 
tended ? Where did he die ? What reputation did he leave behind hiin ? 



36 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1610. 



civilization the memory and example of a pure, unselfish, 
and splendid character. 



CHAPTEE II. 
Rescue ant> Growth oe the Virginia Colony — 1610-1660. 

Summary.— \. The starving time. 2. Flight and return of the colonists. 3. 
Lord Delaware restores the colony. 4. Military rule. 5. Marriage and death 
of Pocahontas. 6. Private property and culture of tobacco. 7. Colonial legis- 
lation—Wives imported. 8. Negro slaves introduced. 9. Wyatt's instructions. 
10. The Great Massacre. 11. End of the Virginia company. 12. Lord Balti- 
more's visit. 13. Proposed revival of the company. 14. Second massacre. 
15. Virginia surrenders. 16. Provisional government under the Common- 
wealth. 

1. Smith's departure left the colony almost without gov- 
ernment. Discords arose ; the ill-will of the Indians was re- 
vived ; provisions were refused by them, and hostilities were 
renewed. Famine followed and aggravated other calamities. 
This wretched period is known as " the starving time." In 
six months the number of the colonists was reduced from 
four hundred and ninety to sixty (1609-1610). 

2. After nine months of weary expectation, Gates, New r - 
port, and Somers arrived from the Bermudas in tw T o small ves- 
sels, constructed from the wreck of the Sea-Adventure. They 
brought no relief except the hope and means of escape. The 
old settlers and the new-comers accordingly embarked, and 
dropped down the river (7 June, 1610). Next morning they 
were met by a boat sent forward by Lord Delaware, who had 
arrived in Hampton Roads. The fugitives returned, and the 
Virginia colony was preserved. 

3. Lord Delaware assumed the government (10 June). 
The restoration of the colony was celebrated as a providen- 

1. What was the condition of the colony after Smith left ? What is this period 
called ? What was the diminution of numbers ? 

2. How long before the commissioners arrived ? How had they completed their 
voyage ? What was done on their arrival ? How were the fugitives turned back ? 

3. How was the restoration of the colony celebrated ? What improvement under 
Lord Delaware ? Did Lord Delaware remain in Virginia ? or, return to it ? 



1617.] RESCUE ANT) GROWTH OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 



37 



tial deliverance. " God," said the settlers, " will raise our 
state, and build his church in this excellent land." Order 
was re-established ; regular hours were appointed for labor, 
and prosperity was in prospect. But Lord Delaware's health 
gave way, and he went back to England, leaving about two 
hundred men under the rule of Lord Percy. He died at sea, 
when returning to Virginia, near the Bay which bears his 
name (1617). 

4. Sir Thomas Dale, a soldier of the Flemish wars, brought 
out and enforced a military code, prepared by Sir Thomas 
Smith, the treasurer of the company (May, 1611). Dale 
stimulated the zeal of the English council by assuring them 
that "four of the best kingdoms of Christendom, put all 
together, may noway compare with this country, either for 
commodities or goodness of soil." The council sent out 
three hundred colonists, with cattle and provisions. The 
settlers reached five hundred, and a few acres of land were 
now allotted to each man. Hitherto all property and pro- 
duce had belonged to the company. 

5. A new treaty was made with Powhatan, in consequence 
of a memorable transaction. Pocahontas, his daughter, the 
protector of Smith and Smith's countrymen, had been seized 
by Capt. Argall and carried to Jamestown (1613). John 
Rolfe undertook to teach the captive princess letters and the 
principles of Christianity. She listened, she learnt, she was 
baptized, and she became the bride of her teacher (1614). 
Her married life w r as brief. She was taken to England by 
her husdand, was kindly received at court, but died as she 
was leaving for Virginia (1617). 

6. The same Capt. Argall who captured Pocahontas de- 
stroyed the French settlements in Acadia, and asserted the 

4. Who was the next governor? and what law did he enforce? What did Dale 
say of the country ? What additions were made to the colony ? What was the num- 
ber of settlers ? What change was made in regard to property ? 

5. How was a new treaty with Powhatan brought about ? What were the circum- 
stances of the marriage of Pocahontas ? Did she long survive ? 

6. In what hostilities did Capt. Argall engage ? What increase of privileges was 
conceded by Dale ? What became the chief occupation, and the chief source of 
wealth ? 



38 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1620. 



English claim — so early did the French wars in America 
commence (1613). On the restoration of Dale to the govern- 
ment (1614), he granted a hundred acres to every actual set- 
tler, and otherwise encouraged emigration. The cultivation 
of tobacco now became the chief care and wealth of the Vir- 
ginians. 

7. George Yeardley (i/erd'lee) was left as deputy-governor 
by Dale (1616). His administration introduced an improved 
state of society. The settlers were admitted to a share of 
the government, and the first colonial assembly met at 
Jamestown (July, 1619). The colony advanced rapidly. 
More than twelve hundred emigrants arrived in a single year 
(1620). Ninety young women were also transported, and 
married to planters willing to pay the expenses of their pas- 
sage. Other maidens, attracted by such good fortune, fol- 
lowed in succeeding years. The price of wives rose to one 
hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco ; and so rapidly did the 
tide of emigration flow, that in three years 3,500 persons were 
added to Virginia (1619-1621). 

8. The colony now appeared securely established. Pro- 
vision was made for the conversion and education of the 
Indians, and an endowment for a college was proposed. The 
king had required the company to send out convicts to 
work the public lands, but the experiment failed. A greater 
impulse to production was given by the arrival of a Dutch 
vessel, from which twenty African slaves were purchased by 
the planters of Georgetown. Thus negro slavery in the Eng- 
lish colonies began (Aug., 1620). 

9. Sir Francis Wyatt, the next governor, brought a formal 
confirmation of the representative institutions recently estab- 
lished. He was instructed to maintain conformity with the 

7. Who was left as governor by Dale ? What improvement took place in the gov- 
ernment ? How many emigrants came in a single year ? What new class of emigrants 
arrived? What was the price of wives? How many persons came out in three 
years ? 

8. What appeared to be the condition of the colony? What means of education 
were proposed ? How was negro slavery introduced ? 

9. What measure was confirmed by Governor Wyatt ? What other instructions 
were given him ? 



1634.] EES CUE AND GROWTH OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 39 



Church of England, to observe the English laws, to punish 
pirates, to build forts, to convert the heathen and not injure 
the Indians, to check the excessive culture of tobacco, and to 
promote the production of grain, wine, and silk. 

10. But a day of horrors was at hand. Powhatan had 
been succeeded by Opechancanough, who had recently assured 
the governor that "the sky should fall before he broke the 
peace." But the settlers were suddenly attacked by the 
savages, and three hundred and forty-nine persons were 
butchered in a few hours (22 March, 1622). Jamestown was 
forewarned and was saved. The 9 great massacre was long 
remembered with dismay, and kept in remembrance by a 
yearly thanksgiving for the escape of the colony. 

11. The Virginia company was divided by factions. The 
court party appealed to the king against the policy which 
had resulted in the recent calamities. The surrender of the 
charter was demanded and refused. It was then declared to 
be forfeited (June, 1624). Virginia became a royal colony, 
and the Virginia company expired. 

12. The quiet of Virginia was disturbed by the visit of 
Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic nobleman, who came to 
found a settlement (1629) : he was not permitted to do so, 
as he refused to take the oaths of submission to the Anglican 
church. He returned to England, and procured a grant of 
the country round the head of the Chesapeake. This was 
within the territory of Virginia ; and Clayborne, a surveyor, 
had private claims within the region. A petty warfare 
ensued in which Clayborne was defeated and captured, but 
escaped to Virginia, and was sent to England for trial (1634). 
Sir John Harvey, the governor, was next year deposed by 



1 0. What great affliction was at hand ? How many persons were murdered ? How 
was the massacre commemorated ? 

1 1 . How was the Virginia company divided ? What did the court party do ? 
What was the consequence ? 

12. What cause of disturbance arose? What grant was obtained by Lord Balti- 
more ? What claims conflict ed with the grant ? What followed ? What was the 
effect of Harvey's government ? 



40 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1651. 



the colonists, but he was restored, and Virginia prospered 
under his rule. 

13. Just before the outbreak of the " Great Rebellion" in 
England, the government of Virginia was intrusted to Sir 
William Berkeley (berk'ly or bark'ly), a soldier, a courtier, 
and a cavalier (1642). The old Virginia company applied to 
the House of Commons for a restoration of their privileges. 
The House of Burgesses in Virginia replied by a "Declaration 
against the company," specifying " the freedom of yearly as- 
semblies," "the legal trial by juries," and " freedom of trade," 
among the blessings due to the royal government. 

14. Twenty-two years after " the Great Massacre," a second, 
directed by the aged Opechancanough, again endangered 
the colony (18 April, 1644). The plantations on the frontier 
were devastated, and five hundred of the English were supposed 
to have been slaughtered. Sir William Berkeley took the 
field, captured Opechancanough, and brought him as a 
prisoner to Jamestown, where he was murdered by one of his 
guards. His death dissolved the confederacy of Powhatan, 
and removed for many years the danger of Indian aggression. 

15. After the execution of Charles I. (1649), Virginia ad- 
hered to his young son, who sent a new commission to 
Berkeley. But commissioners were despatched by the Par- 
liament to reduce the colony to submission (1651). Berkeley 
proposed resistance, but was not sustained by his council. 
The surrender was made by a treaty, which secured general 
amnesty, and "such freedoms and privileges as belong to the 
freeborn people of England." 

16. The commissioners, Bennet, Clayborne, and Curtis, pro- 

13. Who was governor at the time of the Great Rebellion ? What application 
was made to the House of Commons ? What protest by the Honse of Burgesses ? 
What blessings ascribed to the royal government ? 

1 4. When did a second massacre occur ? What was the fate of Opechancanough ? 
What was the effect of his death ? 

15. What course did Virginia take on the execution of Charles I. ? Was the col- 
ony allowed to maintain this allegiance ? What securities were obtained on the 
surrender? 

16. W hither did the commissioners proceed from Jamestown? What did they 
do on their return ? Who became governor and secretary? What right was con- 
ceded to the House of Burgesses? How was it employed on Cromwell's death? 
What name did Virginia derive from its loyalty ? 



1602.] PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS BAT COLONIES. 



41 



ceeded from Jamestown to reduce Maryland. On their return 
they organized, in concert with the House of Burgesses, a pro- 
visional government for Virginia (1652). Bennet, a Puritan 
merchant, was elected governor, and Clayborne secretary. 
The right of election to all offices was declared to be in the 
House of Burgesses ; and this right was exercised by them 
on the death of Cromwell, when it was employed to replace 
Sir William Berkeley as governor (1660). Thus Virginia 
remained an almost independent colony during the Common- 
wealth of England, and earned by its loyalty the designation 
of "The Old Dominion." 



CHAPTER III. 

Plymouth Bat nnd Massachusetts Bat Colonies. 

Summary. — 1. Early expeditions to the northern coasts of America. 2. Forma- 
tion of the Virginia company. 3. John Smith's expedition. 4. Departure of 
the Puritans from Holland. 5. Voyage and arrival off Cape Cod. 6. Settle- 
ment at Plymouth Eock. 7. Intercourse with the Indians. 8. Rival settle- 
ment and Indian hostilities. 9. Progress of the Colony. 10. Other settle- 
ments attempted. 11. Colony at Salem. 12. John Winthrop's arrival. 13. 
Political and Religious troubles. 14. Harvard University founded. 15. War 
waged with the Indians. 16. Restrictions removed. 17. New Hampshire 
and Maine annexed to Massachusetts. 18. Religious intolerance. 19. Labors 
of John Eliot. 

1. The attention of the English had been first directed to 
the northern coasts of America. The expeditions of the 
Cabots, Frobisher, and Gilbert had been turned to that 
quarter. In the year before the forfeiture of Raleigh's patent 
Gosnold had discovered Cape Cod, and had named it from 
the fish which abounded in the surrounding waters. He 
built a small fort ; but the Indians were hostile, and the men 
refused to remain (1602). 

2. On the formation of the Virginia company, the terri- 
tory between 38° and 45° north latitude was assigned to the 

1. What is said of early expeditions to the northern coasts of America? What is 
said of Gosnold ? 

2. What land had been assigned to the Plymouth Company? What progress did 
the settlers make ? 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1620. 



Plymouth branch. Raleigh Gilbert, as admiral, carried out 
a hundred settlers under Capt. George Popham (pop 1 'am) , 
one of the patentees (1607). A fortified storehouse was built 
at Sagadahok ; but Popham died, the storehouse was burnt, 
and the emigrants returned. 

3. Capt. John Smith, so distinguished in the history of 
Virginia, fitted out trading expeditions to the northern waters 
(1614), explored the coast, and published a report of his dis- 
coveries. At his suggestion the country was called New 
England. 

4. An English community in Holland, exiles on account of 
their religious creed, were at this time longing for a settle- 
ment in America, where they might preserve their opinions 
and better their fortunes. Having received encouragement 
from the Virginia company (1619), they determined to 
emigrate, but found themselves without adequate means. 
Thomas Weston, a merchant of London, and others, made 
the requisite advances, on condition of sharing in the profits 
of the fisheries and trade. But only a portion of these Puri- 
tans were willing or able to remove at once. John Robinson, 
their pastor, and the elder members, remained behind. The 
rest, one hundred and one in number, went out in charge of 
Elder Brewster. 

5. The pilgrims took ship at Delft, and sailed for South- 
ampton, where two vessels had been provided (1620). The 
Speedwell, a crazy, leaky bark had been purchased ; the 
Mayflower had been hired for the service. The Speedwell 
proved unsafe, and had to be abandoned. The Mayflower 
sailed alone from Plymouth (6 Sept.), and after a rough pas- 
sage arrived off Cape Cod. They landed, after signing an 
agreement for their government. John Carver was elected 
governor, and Miles Standish captain (11 Nov.). 

3. Give an account of the expedition under John Smith. 

4. Why did the Puritans leave Holland ? How were the means for emigration 
obtained ? on what conditions ? 

5. From what ports did they sail ? Describe the vessels and the passage. Who 
was elected governor ? 



1626.] PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONIES. 43 



6. Carver, Bradford, and Winslow explored the neighbor- 
ing bays. They determined to settle at Plymouth Rock. On 
Christmas-day, a little hamlet was commenced, and was 
named New Plymouth, to commemorate the harbor where 
they had bid their last adieu to Old England. Their flight 
was in the winter; and they suffered grievously from the 
inhospitable clime. Before spring half their number died, 
including the governor and his wife. William Bradford was 
chosen governor. 

7. Before the end of winter a solitary Indian entered the 
village, exclaiming " Welcome, Englishmen !" He had 
picked up a little English from the traders on the coast. On 
a subsequent visit he announced the approach of Massasoit 
(mas f sa-so-it), the great chief of the Wampanoags {warn/pan- 
o-ags). An alliance was formed, which lasted for half a cen- 
tury. Other chiefs submitted, but Canonicus, the chief 
sachem of the ISTarragan setts, sent a bundle of arrows, tied 
with a snake-skin. Gov. Bradford returned the skin filled 
with powder and ball, and Canonicus remained quiet. 

8. Weston, who was concerned in the Plymouth Bay 
adventure, undertook a rival settlement, which provoked the 
Indians by their outrages. The Narragansetts were reported 
to have planned the extermination of the intruders. Capt. 
Standish was sent to inquire into the plot and to bring back 
the head of the most hostile chief. He stabbed the chief 
with his own hand, and several others were slain. John Rob- 
inson, the Puritan pastor, still detained at Leyden, wrote, 
" How happy a thing it would have been, that some had been 
converted before any were slain." 

9. The progress of the colony in numbers and subsistence 
was very slow. It began to advance when Weston sold his 



6- Who explored the neighboring bays ? Where did they determine to settle ? 
Give an account of their first winter. 

7. Who visited the settlers? What occurred afterward ? 

8. Who undertook a rival settlement, and what was the result ? 

9. What is said of the progress of the colony ? of Weston's sale of his rights ? 
of the introduction of private property ? 



44 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



[1629. 



rights to the emigrants for a monopoly of the traffic for six 
years (1626). Private property was then introduced, and 
each settler received an acre of land in fee. 

10. During these years other settlements were attempted 
in the same quarter. A charter for New England had been 
granted by James I. to some noblemen and gentlemen (1620). 
Capt. John Mason obtained from them the tract between 
Salem and the mouth of the Merrimac, and named it Mari- 
ana. In conjunction with Sir Ferdinando Gorges, he procured 
a grant of the country from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, 
and named it Laconia (1622). Under these grants the settle- 
ment of New Hampshire and Maine commenced. The 
country east of the St. Croix (sent croy) was bestowed on Sir 
William Alexander, and colonies of Scotch were attempted 
there. 

11. Mr. White, a Puritan minister of Dorchester, had been 
meditating the scheme of a strictly Puritan colony in New 
England. A beginning was made at Salem by Roger Conant. 
A charter for Massachusetts Bay was obtained (1628). It 
conveyed a narrow strip of land from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. John Endicott went out as governor and gathered 
the little colony at Salem. New colonists followed. Some 
of them occupied Charlestown. 

12. It was resolved to make a great change, and to transfer 
the council of the company from England to America, so 
as to give "the government to those who should inhabit 
there' 1 (1629). John Winthrop and eleven other gentlemen 
promised, on this condition, to migrate to Massachusetts 
Bay. Winthrop proposed "to colonize only their best men." 
More than seven hundred persons accompanied him across 
the ocean. Salem being found in " an unexpected condition" 
of distress, the colony was removed to Charlestown. In two 

10. What is said of the charter granted by James I. ? of Mariana? of Laconia ? 
What settlements commenced under these grants ? 

11. What scheme had Mr. White been meditating? What charter was obtained, 
and what were its provisions ? What colonies were gathered under Endicott ? 

1 2. What change was contemplated ? What is said of John Winthrop's migration 
and its results 9 



1638.] PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONIES. 45 



years there were settlements and churches at Salem, Charles- 
town, Dorchester, Boston, Lynn, and Roxbury. 

13. Political discords and religious dissensions soon arose. 
It was early enacted that none but members of the church 
should be admitted to the franchise (1631). As the numbers 
of the people increased, it was decreed that the general 
court should consist only of deputies (1634). Dissatisfaction 
resulted, and Governor Winthrop, who had been four times 
re-elected, was supplanted by Henry Vane, a young man of 
influence who had recently arrived from England (1636). 
Great offence had been given to Governor Winthrop and the 
ruling powers by the appointment of Roger Williams to the 
church in Salem. He advocated the principle of universal 
toleration, and other doctrines equally unpalatable. He was 
finally banished, as was John Wheelwright, for preaching a 
seditious sermon, and Mrs. Ann Hutchinson and her followers, 
for other objectionable doctrines. Roger Williams went to 
Rhode Island ; Wheelwright to New Hampshire ; and the 
partisans of Mrs. Hutchinson were divided between the two 
colonies. 

14. In the midst of such strife the community increased. 
Multitudes of the discontented escaped from England. Three 
thousand came in one year to Massachusetts. Restrictions 
on emigration were imposed (1634), renewed and extended 
(1638), but they scarcely checked the movement. The colo- 
nists penetrated the wilderness to the south, the west, and 
the north. Attention was paid to education ; funds for a 
college were collected ; and Harvard University commenced 
by a liberal bequest of John Harvard (1638). 

15. War was waged with the Indians on the western bor- 
der. John Endicott of Salem led an army of eighty men 



13. What new troubles arose ? Give an account of them. What is said of the 
banishment of Roger Williams and others ? 

14. How did these difficulties affect the colonies ? To what other portions of the 
country did the colonists penetrate ? What was done in the cause of education ? 

1 5. What war was now waged ? What other troubles were anticipated ? What 
action was taken by the settlers ? 



46 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1651. 



against them, slew one Indian, and burnt a few wigwams 
(1636). More serious apprehensions were excited by 
proceedings in England. Archbishop Laud had been ap- 
pointed chief of a commission for the government of New 
England. The ministers of the churches assembled at Bos- 
ton, and determined to resist such interference, if able to do 
so; otherwise, "to avoid and protract" compliance with any 
orders (1635). Winthrop was directed to return the patent 
for the colony, but the policy of procrastination was pursued, 
and the troubles in England prevented the enforcement of 
the demand. 

16. The ascendancy of the Commons in England, during 
the Great Rebellion under Cromwell, was favorable to the 
colonies in New England. Freedom of trade was allowed for 
the time. "A Body of Liberties," or frame of government, was 
enacted in Massachusetts (1641). All offices were made elec- 
tive and annual. Religious restrictions were relaxed. Slavery 
was prohibited, except in the case of "lawful captives in just 
wars, and such strangers as willingly sell themselves, or are 
sold to us," and persons "judged thereto by authority." 

17. Massachusetts received an important increase by the 
annexation of New Hampshire (1642), and Maine (1652). 
These proceedings were afterward annulled by a royal com- 
mission; but Massachusetts purchased the claim to Maine, 
and retained it till it became a State'(1820). Security against 
Dutch encroachment from the Hudson, French aggression 
from Acadie and Canada, and Indian hostility, was provided 
by the voluntary union of the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, 
Connecticut, New Haven, and New Plymouth (1643), which 
furnished an example to other times of colonial federation. 

18. The spirit of religious intolerance was not softened by 
prosperity. Stringent laws were passed against irreligion, 
which included dissent (1651). The Anabaptists were seized, 



16- What privileges were granted by the Mother Country? 

1 7. By what means was Massachusetts increased ? What took place afterward ? 
18. What is further said of the spirit of religious intolerance ? 



1636.] 



RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 



47 



fined, and silenced. The Quakers, an inoffensive sect, were 
scourged, imprisoned, banished, cropped of their ears, bored 
through the tongue with a red-hot iron, and, at length, were 
put to death (1656-9). Witchcraft and other imaginary 
crimes were imputed to them. "Laud," says Bancroft, "was 
justified by the men whom he had wronged." 

19. But the devotion and Christian heroism of John Eliot 
should not be left unnoticed. The apostle of the Indians 
commenced his labors at Nonanturn (1646), near Roxbury, 
of which church he was pastor. He subsequently established 
a church and school for the natives at Natick (na'tik), and 
translated the Bible into their tongue — a tongue which has 
passed away with the race who spoke it. After long and 
arduous service in his noble mission, he died in 1690, at the 
venerable age of eighty-six. 



CHAPTER IY. 
Rhode Island and Connecticut. 

Summary.— 1. Results of Roger Williams's banishment. 2. Of Mrs. Ann Hutch- 
inson's. 3. Patent of incorporation of Rhode Island towns obtained. 4. Settle- 
ment of Connecticut. 5. Troubles with the Indians. 6. War with the Indians. 
7. Chief of the Narragansetts slain. 8. Charter granted by Charles H.— Its dis- 
appearance. 

1. Roger Williams, when banished from Massachusetts 
(p. 37), fled through the wilderness amid the rigors of a 
northern winter (1636). For more than three months he 
wandered through the snow, often without fire, or food, or 
guide ; often with no better shelter than a hollow tree. He 
was kindly received by the Indians. With five companions 
he began a new home, and named the place Providence ; 
desiring it to become " a refuge for persons distressed for 
conscience." From the Narragansett chiefs, Canonicus and 



19. Give an account of the labors of John Eliot. 
1. Give an account of Roger Williams's banishment. What resulted from it ? 



48 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1633. 



Miantonomoh (ml-an'td-nd'mo), he obtained a grant of the 
territory (1638). Here he was joined by other refugees, and 
here he established a government of perfect civil and religious 
freedom. 

2. On the condemnation of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson and her 
doctrines, some of her disciples, under Coddington and Clark, 
were induced by Williams to settle in his neighborhood. 
They occupied, and bought from the Indians, the beautiful 
island of Aquiday (adhwid a) — the isle of peace — in Narra- 
gansett Bay (1638). It was named the Island of Rhodes, or 
Rhode Island. Hither came Mrs. Hutchinson, but having 
removed to Connecticut, she was massacred with her whole 
family by the Indians. 

3. Providence and Rhode Island were plantations made by 
exiles without sanction or authority from prince, potentate, 
or state. Roger Williams went to England as their agent, 
and obtained a patent of incorporation for the towns of 
Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth, with the privilege of 
self-government (1644). A second charter was obtained from 
Charles II. (1663), which continued in operation till 1843. 

4. The Dutch, as already mentioned, had occupied the 
valley of the Connecticut (k on-net' i-cut) river ; but all their 
possessions in North America lay within the region covered by 
the English claim. A belt of country, one hundred and twenty 
miles wide, from the Narragansett river to the South Sea, was 
granted by the Plymouth company to the Earl of Warwick 
(war'ricJc) (1630), and by him conveyed to Lord Say-and-Seal, 
Lord Brooke, and others. This is the deed for Connecticut ; 
but settlements were made by several disconnected enter- 
prises. The people of Plymouth sent an expedition up the 
Connecticut river, and built a trading-house at Windsor (1633). 
John Winthrop, junior, son of the governor of Massachusetts, 

2. What additions were made to his settlement ? What was it called? What 
became of Mrs. Hutchinson ? 

3. How were Providence and "Rhode Island founded? For what purpose was 
Roger Williams sent to England ? 

4. Where had the Dutch settled? Give an account of their progress. What other 
settlements were projected? 



1640.] 



RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 



49 



acting under the orders of the patentees, built a fort at the 
mouth of the river and called it Saybrook (1635). It retained 
its separate political existence till 1644. The Rev. Mr. Hooker 
and the congregation of Newtown, moved across the forest 
with their cows and the rest of their cattle and established 
themselves near Hartford (1636). The Rev. John Davenport, 
Theophilus Eaton, and others, finding Massachusetts too 
narrow for them, planted a large colony at New Haven (1638) 




ARMED SETTLERS. 



5. These settlements and the encroachment of the white 
race alarmed the Indians. The Pequods, who dwelt east- 



5. What effect had these settlements upon the Indians ? Give an acconnt of the 
preparations for war. 

3 



50 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1643. 



ward of the Connecticut, ravaged the frontier, killing men, 
women, and cows (1637). War was declared against them. 
Captain John Mason was made commander of the forces, 
which consisted of eighty or ninety English, and seventy 
Mohicans, under their chief, Uncas. Some of the Narragan- 
setts afterward joined them, having been restrained from 
joining the Indian league by the earnest interference of 
Roger Williams. 

6. Mason surprised the principal fort of the Pequods on 
the Thames (temz) river. The assailants rushed through the 
stockade in the early morning and engaged in a desperate 
conflict ; Mason cried out, " We must burn them," and fired 
their wigwams. The English formed a circle round the 
blazing village; Uncas and the Indian allies formed a wider 
circle beyond. Seven Indians were captured, seven escaped ; 
about Six hundred were slaughtered. Two of the English 
were killed, and sixteen were wounded. Three hundred 
Pequods arrived for the support of their brethren, the sight 
of whose dead bodies filled them with rage and vengeance. 
Their attack was repelled. The war continued, but the 
Pequods were defeated and deserted by their allies. A small 
remnant finally surrendered, were dispersed among other tribes 
and disappeared. Their lands passed to their conquerors. 

7. The settlers of Connecticut profited in like manner by 
the war between the Narragansetts and the Mohicans (1643). 
MiantonomoJ], the chief of the former, attacked the Mohicans 
and was taken prisoner. His fate was referred to the com- 
missioners of the .United Colonies of New England. They 
ordered him to be delivered to his enemy, Uncas, the Mohi- 
can, Uncas hewed him down with his tomahawk, cut the 
living flesh from the old man's shoulder, and ate it with 
furious delight, declaring the flesh of an enemy to be the 
sweetest of morsels. 



6. What did John Mason do ? What was the result of the conflict ? 

7. What other war benefited the Connecticut settlers ? What became of the 
Narragansett chief ? 



1687.] 



RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 



51 



8. After the termination of this war Connecticut long 
remained tranquil. A charter was received from Charles II. 
soon after the Restoration. It conferred liberal privileges, 
and united New Haven and the Connecticut settlements 
under one government (1662). The proposed union was at 
first declined by New Haven, but afterward effected (1665). 
The younger Winthrop was named governor, and elected 
seventeen times in succession. Captain John Mason was 
appointed deputy- 



g o v er n o r . When 
Sir Edmund Andros, 
the royal governor 
of New England, de- 



manded the surrender , 
of this charter, it was S^Sz*^ 




delayed till evening 
(1687). The candles 
were suddenly extin- 
guished ; when they 
were relighted the 
charter had vanished. 
Captain Wads worth 
had carried it off and 
concealed it till better 

times in the hollow of a tree, ever since venerated as the 
Charter Oak. 



THE CHARTER OAK. 



8. In what condition did Connecticut remain ? What was the object of the char- 
ter granted by Charles II. ? How long was Winthrop governor ? What became of 
the charter ? 



52 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1634. 



CHAPTER V. 
Maryland. 

Summary, — 1. Charter for the settlement of Maryland obtained. 2. Lord Balti- 
more's domain named. 3. New emigrants.— Founding of the Village of St. 
Mary's. 4. Discords. 5. " Toleration Act" passed. 6. Rights of Lord Balti- 
more confirmed. 

1. Sir George Calvert, afterward Lord Baltimore, a Roman 
Catholic, obtained from Charles I. a tract of land between 
the Potomac (po-td'mak) and the Atlantic, but died before 
the patent was completed (1632). His eldest son, Cecil 
(sis'il), succeeded to his title, his rights, and his plans for 
securing a retreat for his oppressed Catholic brethren. The 
territory lay within the boundaries of the Virginia charter; 
and a license to explore and govern it, and to trade with the 
natives, had been conferred upon William Clayborne, a bold, 
resolute, and turbulent man. 

2. The domain of Lord Baltimore was named Maryland, 
in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, the daughter of Henry 
IV. of France. The charter gave the colonists the right of 
popular government, exemption from taxation by the mother 
country, and freedom of religious worship. The toleration 
established by Roger Williams in Rhode Island was thus 
anticipated. 

3. The emigrants, chiefly Catholic, were conducted by 
Leonard (len'ard) Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, in 
two vessels, the Ark and the Dove (1633). The cleared 
lands around Yoacomoco ( Yd'a-co-mo-co), on the St. Mary's 
river, were purchased from the Indians, and here, about twelve 
miles from the junction of the stream with the Potomac, the 
village of St. Mary's was begun. A crop of corn was raised 
the first year and shipped to New England (1634). 

1. Who was Sir George Calvert, and what did he obtain? To what did his eldest 
son succeed ? Where did the territory lie ? 

2. How was Maryland named ? Whac privileges did the charter confer ? 

3. W T hat emigration now took place ? How was the village of St. Mary's 
founded ? 



1715.] 



MARYLAND. 



53 



4. Everything was auspicious but for the rival claims of 
Clayborne, which were asserted with arms. He was defeated, 
but escaped to Virginia (1635), and was sent to England. 
Other discords were excited. The provincial legislature 
sought to substitute its own enactments for the proprie- 
tors' code of laws. An Indian war broke out, but inflicted 
no serious disasters (1642-4). Clayborne availed himself 
of the disturbances in Maryland and in England to stir up 
insurrection in the province (1644). Calvert was obliged 
to seek safety in Virginia, but returned with a sufficient force 
and suppressed the rebellion (1646). He died the next 
year. 

5. After the execution of Charles I. the Assembly of Mary- 
land passed "the Toleration Act" (1649), confirming the 
freedom of religious belief. It was soon disregarded. Ben- 
net and Clayborne, as commissioners of the Long Parlia- 
ment, altered the government and intrusted it to a board of 
ten (1652-4). Many Puritans had immigrated in the late 
years, and the new Assembly, which met at Patuxent (1654), 
deprived the Roman Catholics of all franchises. Civil war 
ensued (1655-7). A compromise was effected, and Fendall, 
the proprietary governor, was acknowledged (1658.) 

6. After Cromwell's death, the representatives of Maryland 
asserted the supreme authority of the people and the allegi- 
ance of the colony to the king (1660). The rights of Lord 
Baltimore were confirmed by the re-establishment of the 
royal authority in England. They were transmitted to his 
son, and enjoyed by him till Maryland was made a royal 
province* by William III. (1691). They were restored to the 
fourth Lord Baltimore (1715), and the proprietary govern- 
ment was prolonged till the Revolution. The colony was 
peaceful and prosperous for a whole generation after the close 
of the parliamentary rule. 



4. What is said of the troubles with Clayborne ? What other discords arose ? 

5. What occurred subsequent to the execution of Charles I. ? 

6. What after Cromwell 1 s death ? What is said of the rights of Lord Baltimore ? 



54 



HIST OB Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1674, 



CHAPTER VI. 

Virginia— 1 660-1 750. 

Summary. — 1. Royal government, revived. — 4 ' Navigation Act." — Grants of land. 
2. New laws enacted. 3. Trouble with the Indians. 4. Character and acts of 
Nathaniel Bacon. 5. War with the Indians.— Civil war. 6. Virginia again 
becomes a royal province. 7. New governor appointed.— Emigration of Hu- 
guenots. — Treaty with the Five Nations. 8. Effect of William III.'s reign. 9. 
Condition of Virginia under the new governors.— Explorations by Alexander 
Spotswood. 

1. The royal government was revived in Virginia, with 
Berkeley as governor, even before Charles II. was seated on 
the English throne. General joy pervaded the Old Dominion, 
but serious discontents were soon provoked. A " navigation 
act" had been passed under the Commonwealth (1651), to 
encourage English shipping, which had been grievously de- 
pressed by the rivalry of the Dutch. This statute was re- 
enacted and extended (1660) in such a way as to operate dis- 
astrously upon American industry and trade, and especially 
on the Virginia staple, tobacco. Another ground of com- 
plaint was the large grants of land to court favorites. The 
Northern Neck, or the whole region between the Rappahan- 
noch and Potomac rivers, was bestowed upon Lord Culpepper 
(1669), and "all the dominion of land and water called 
Virginia," was transferred for thirty-one years to Lord Cul- 
pepper and the Earl of Arlington (1673). Agents were sent 
to England to protest against these and other measures, but 
they obtained no redress (1674). 

2. The first Assembly after the Restoration proceeded to 
reorganize the political fabric. The Church of England was 
declared the religion of the State — and church-rates were 
regulated. Laws against Quakers and other dissenters were 
revived or enacted. Public revenue was provided by a tax 



1. When was the royal government of Virginia revived? What acts provoked 
discontent ? What did the colonists do to redress their wrongs ? 

2. What were some of the acts of Assembly in England ? How was it dissolved ? 



1676.] 



VIRGINIA. 



55 



on tobacco — and high pay was given to the members of the 
Assembly. That body had been hitherto elected every two 
years, but the Assembly of the Restoration prolonged its 
existence, till terminated after fifteen years by popular indig- 
nation and revolt. 

3. These things engendered restlessness, which only waited 
an opportunity for its display. The occasion came in an un- 
expected manner. The Susquehannah Indians had been 
driven southward by the Senecas, and committed depreda- 
tions along the Potomac. John Washington hastened to the 
aid of the settlers (1675). Six chiefs bore proposals of peace, 
and were murdered. "If they had killed my father and my 
mother and all my friends," said Sir William Berkeley, " yet, 
if they had come to treat of peace, they ought to have gone 
in peace." The savages were infuriated by this barbarity, 
and extended their ravages to the Falls of James river. No 
satisfactory means of defence were employed by Governor 
Berkeley. The people demanded permission to protect them- 
selves, and Nathaniel Bacon stepped forward as a leader for 
the war. The permission was refused (1676). 

4. Bacon was a young man of fortune, recently from 
England, well educated, highly connected, handsome, elo- 
quent, audacious, and of popular address. His uncle, of the 
same name, was one of the council, of which he had been a 
member till removed for insurrection. He was the expectant 
heir of that uncle's fortune. Berkeley distrusted him as 
one " popularly inclined." On being refused a commission 
he marched against the Indians " with no commission but 
his sword." With fifty-seven followers he inflicted on them a 
bloody defeat. Berkeley had proclaimed him a rebel and 
had pursued him, but had been compelled by a rising of the 
people to return and to summon a new Assembly. Bacon 
appeared as one of the burgesses. He confessed his errors, 



3. In what manner did the restlessness of the colonists manifest itself? Who 
was the leader of the force against the Indians ? 

4. Describe the character and position of Bacon. What had Berkeley done ? 



56 



BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1684. 



asked pardon for them, and was named commander-in-chief. 
Berkeley delayed his commission. He withdrew secretly from 
Jamestown and returned at the head of five hundred men. 
The old governor met him, bared his breast, and exclaimed, 
" Fair mark, shoot !" He was, however, persuaded to sign 
the commission. 

5. Bacon marched against the Indians again. He attacked 
the Pamunkeys, of whose hostility there are no proofs. 
Berkeley again proclaimed him a rebel, and civil war fairly 
broke out. A revolutionary convention assembled at Wil- 
liamsburg. Bacon besieged Berkeley in Jamestown, and 
burnt the place on his retreat. The supporters of the gov- 
ernor were defeated or dispersed. Troops were sent out from 
England. But the rebellion was soon ended by the death of 
Bacon, who sunk under a disease contracted by exposure in 
the marshes. Most of his followers were captured, and 
twenty-two were executed. Berkeley returned to England 
to answer the general denunciation of his severity (1677). 
He died soon after his arrival, without having seen tht king. 
" The old fool," said Charles, " has taken away more lives in 
that naked country than I for the murder of my father." 

6. A favorable charter had been designed for Virginia, 
but the purpose was crushed by the outbreak of Bacon's re- 
bellion. Lord Culpepper became governor (1680), and sole 
proprietor. His rule was distinguished by greediness and 
extortion. He was deprived of the government (1683), sur 
rendered his rights to the king (1684), and Virginia once 
more became a royal province. The population of the colony 
must at this time have exceeded 60,000, for it was estimated 
to contain 15,000 fighting men. It was, however, in a very 
impoverished condition from the pressure of taxation and the 
low price of tobacco. 

5. What did Bacon accomplish ? What did Berkeley do, and what was the result ? 
What did the king say of him ? 

6. What prevented a favorable charter being granted to Virginia ? Who was now 
appointed governor ? What was the character of his rule ? What was the condition 
of the province ? 



1704.] 



VIRGINIA. 



57 



7. Little benefit was experienced from the substitution of 
Lord Howard of Effingham (eff'ing-am) for Culpepper as 
governor. Many political convicts were transported to the 
colony on the suppression of Monmouth's (mon'mut/i's) 
rebellion, and were sold to the planters at the rate of fifty 
to seventy-five dollars. A few years later, after James IT. 
was deposed, numbers of Huguenots, or French Protestants, 
settled in the land. Both the population and the character 
of the population were strengthened by these valuable 
accessions. The most notable event, however, of Effing- 
ham's rule, was the treaty formed at Albany with the Five 
Nations, in which the authorities of Virginia, New York, and 
New England united their action (1684). 

8. The occupation of the English throne by William III. 
(of Orange) brought renovated prosperity to Virginia (1688). 
Some evils were promptly redressed. The first administration 
of Francis Nicholson (1690), and that of Sir Edmund Andros 
(1692), were productive of many blessings. Nicholson was 
active in promoting the establishment of a college. Funds 
w r ere eagerly contributed by the king and queen, by the 
English bishops, and by others. Nicholson's second adminis- 
tration of the government was by no means so satisfactory 
as his first had been (1698-1704). He was charged with dis- 
couraging domestic manufactures and supporting English 
claims. He suspected and resisted the rising spirit of Ameri- 
can independence, for the collision between English policy 
and colonial interests had already become manifest. The 
seat of government was transferred by him to Williamsburg, 
which he laid out in the shape of the letter W. 

9. Virginia continued to prosper under the governors sent 
out from England. Among them none occupied a higher 

7. Give the condition of the country under Lord Howard. What new emigrants 
arrived ? What treaty was formed ? 

8. What eifect had the reign of William III. on the country ? What was established, 
and how ? What is said ofNicholson's second administration ? What became the 
seat of government ? 

9. In what condition is Virginia now found ? What prominent character appears ? 
Give an account of his exploits. What war broke out ? Who was appointed gov- 
ernor, and what is said of him ? 



58 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1714. 




JAMESTOWN. 



position in public regard than Alexander Spots wood (1710- 
1722), a soldier, who had been wounded at Blenheim (Men- 
em). Under his leadership the mountains were crossed and 
the beautiful valleys beyond were made known (1714). On 
his return he presented to each of the companions of his jour- 



1749.] 



MASS A CHUSETTS. 



59 



ney a golden horse-shoe, as a memento of the journey and an 
encouragement to further explorations. He fostered mining 
and other industries, and established the first iron-furnace in 
North America. During his administration the celebrated 
pirate Theach, or Blackbeard, was captured after a bloody 
fiVht in Pamlico Sound, and was hano*ed at Williamsburg: 
(1718). When the war with Spain broke out (1739), Spots- 
wood was called from his retreat at Germanna, on the Rap- 
pahannock, to take command of the colonial forces ; but he 
died at Annapolis, just as he was ready to embark, and the 
Virginia troops in the expedition against Carthagena were led 
by Governor Gooch (1740). He administered the govern- 
ment of Virginia for twenty-two years, till his return to 
England (1749). 



CHAPTEE VII. 

Massachusetts and the other Colonies of New 
England. 

Summary* — 1. Advent of the regicides. 2. King Philip's war — Supposed Indian 
plots— Colonial towns burned by the Indians — Death of Philip. 3. Narragan- 
setts drawn into the war— Disasters to the New England towns. 4. Difficulties 
between Massachusetts and England — Governor-general of New England 
appointed — Changes in the condition of the colonies. 5. King William's war^- 
First attack — Action taken by the colonies — Invasion of Canada — First paper 
money. 7. The new charter for Massachusetts. 8. Witchcraft denounced— 
Further persecutions. 9. Queen Anne's war. 10. Effect upon the country. 
11. King George's war. 12. Invasion of French settlements in Nova Scotia. 

1. The union of the colonies of ISTew England afforded 
present security, and prepared means of resisting dangers 
which were certain ultimately to arise. The temper of the 
colonists was displayed both by their opposition to the com- 
missioners sent out by Charles II. to regulate the country 



1. What afforded present security to the colonists ? How were the feelings of 
the colonists displayed? What is said of the regicides ? What was the population 
of the country now ? 



60 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1675. 



(1664), and by their reception of the regicides, Whalley, 
Goffe, and Dixwell (1660). On the restoration of the mon- 
archy they first sought a refuge at Boston ; but, feeling 
insecure there, fled to New Haven. Still they were unsafe. 
Dixwell changed his name; Goffe and Whalley concealed 
themselves in a cavern — often, however, shifting their abode. 
Once they were sitting under a bridge when their pursuers 
passed over their heads. They escaped all hazards by the 
favor of the people, and found a hiding-place in Hadley. 
Many years afterward the town was surrounded by hostile 
Indians (1675). A venerable stranger placed himself at the 
head of the citizens and led them to victory. With the close 
of the combat he disappeared. The stranger was said to 
have been Goffe. The attack thus repelled was one of the 
events of the most alarming Indian war that had yet 
menaced the settlements of New England — but the people 
of New England were now 60,000 in number. 

2. King Philip's War (1675). — Massasoit was through 
life faithful to the treaty which he had formed with the 
Plymouth pilgrims on their arrival. Philip of Pokanoket, or 
Mount Hope, his successor, was the chief of seven hundred 
warriors of the Wampanoags. He was accused of hostility to 
the whites, and of plotting a confederacy of all the Indians of 
New England for their extermination. The informer was 
murdered. Three Indians of Philip's tribe were seized, tried, 
and hanged by the Plymouth authorities. Philip attacked 
Swanzey (swan'ze), in the Plymouth territory. The Plymouth 
forces were joined by troops from Massachusetts, and, finding 
Mount Hope deserted, advanced into the country of the Nar- 
ragansetts, exacting pledges from them. Thence they pro- 
ceeded to the swamp of Pocasset (po-cass'ei), whither the 
Wampanoags were said to have retired. Philip broke 



2. What is related of Massasoit ? Of what was he accused ? What was done by 
the Plymouth authorities ? What towns were burnt ? What took place in this and 
the following years ? How long did these troubles continue ? In what, condition was 
King Philip previous to his death ? Who was his successor? What became of his 
family ? 



1675.] 



MA SSA CHUSETTS. 



6J 



through the lines around him, and other Indians were drawn 
into the conflict. Brookfield, Deerfield, and Northfield 
were burnt , and 
Hadley was saved in 
the manner which 
has been mentioned. 
Other places, in 
this and the follow- 
ing year, suffered 
like afflictions. All 
the horrors of sav- 
age warfare were 
experienced, and 
the desolation con- 
tinued till the death 
of Philip (1676). 
Defeated, hunted 
from place to place, 
abandoned by allied 
tribes, he still main- 
tained the hopeless 

struggle, and was killed by one of his own followers. His 
wife and child had been captured. The boy, nine years 
of age, the last of the family of Massasoit, was sold as a 
slave in Bermuda. 

3. The Narragansetts had been drawn into the war. Ca- 
non 'chet, their chief, was charged with aiding and sheltering 
Philip. His camp in Rhode Island was attacked by a thousand 
men from Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, who 
had marched through storm and snow to surprise it (1675). 
It was captured after a bloody resistance. A thousand 
Indians were slain, six hundred wigwams were burnt, and 
many of the savages were consumed in the flames. Canon- 
chet was taken in the spring and put to death, as he haugh- 




KING PHILIP. 



3. How had the Narragansetts been drawn into the war? 
camp ? What was the result ? 



Who attacked their 



62 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1688. 



tily refused to make another treaty of peace. The Wam- 
panoags and Narragansetts vanished from their hunting- 
grounds; but fourteen towns in New England had been 
destroyed, and six hundred lives had been sacrificed. 

4. Difficulties arose between Massachusetts and the Eng- 
lish government, and the charter of the colony was declared 
void by Charles II. (1684). Under his successor, James II., 
proceedings were instituted against Connecticut and Rhode 
Island. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor-general 
of New England, and executed his commission with violence 
and oppression. New York and New Jersey were added to 
his jurisdiction (1688) ; but as soon as the revolution in 
England was known at Boston he was seized and impris- 
oned, with his chief supporters (1689), and was sent home 
for trial. Connecticut and Rhode Island were allowed to 
resume their charters, but a similar permission was refused 
by King William to Massachusetts. A new charter was, 
however, granted (1692). Plymouth and Maine were annexed 
to it, and its limits were otherwise extended. The charter 
was not welcomed, for it reserved to the crown the appoint- 
ment of the governor and^the superior officers, established 
religious toleration for all but papists, and conferred the suf- 
frage upon all who held property of a specified and small 
amount. 

5. The war between England and France, occasioned by 
the deposition of James II. (1688), involved New England, 
where it was known as 

King William's War. 

Indian atrocities had been recently committed on the French 
at Montreal, and on the English in the eastern parts of New 

4. What now arose ? Whom did the English appoint as ruler of New England ? 
What was the character of his government? What were included in his jurisdiction ? 
What was the result ? How was the colony extended? What were the provisions of 
the new charter ? 

5. What occasioned war between England and France? By what name was the 
war in New England designated ? What is said of the conduct of the Indians ? 



1692.] 



MASS A CHUSETTS. 



63 



England ; but the war regularly opened with an attack on 
Dover (1689). Schenectady (sken-elc'ta-de), in ISTew York, 
was surprised in the night by a joint force of French and 
Indians (1690), the inhabitants slaughtered, and the town 
burnt. Other settlements were in like manner destroyed or 
harassed. 

6. These troubles alarmed and aroused the exposed prov- 
inces. Their delegates assembled at New York (1690), and 
resolved upon a large plan of operations. A descent was to 
be made on Montreal ; but it failed. Better success attended 
the movement by sea under Sir William Phipps. Port Royal 
was taken, and other places in Acadie were plundered. 
Phipps sailed a second time from Boston, and led a strong 
land and naval force against Quebec. It was compelled to 
return without achieving anything. The troops were dis- 
contented and clamorous for pay. The treasury of Massa- 
chusetts was empty and harassed with numerous demands 
upon it. The general court ordered the issue of bills of 
credit — the first paper money authorized in the English col- 
onies. The bills soon sunk to one-half their nominal value. 

7. The new charter for Massachusetts was brought from 
England by Sir William Phipps, who was appointed gov- 
ornor (1692). His administration is rendered notorious by 
the melancholy display of superstition and fanaticism which 
is known under the designation of Salem Witchcraft. Delu- 
sions on this subject had largely prevailed in earlier years in 
England, Scotland, France, Germany, etc., but with the prog- 
ress of free inquiry the belief in witches had been greatly 
weakened. Charges of witchcraft had been brought against 
Mrs. Hutchinson, and other obnoxious persons among the 
first settlers of IsTew England. As early as 1645 witch trials 
had taken place at Springfield. But nothing had occurred 
comparable to the furious folly of the Salem trials. 

6. What action did the colonists take ? What country did they invade ? What 
was the result ? What did the general court order ? 

7. What is said of Sir William Phipps ? Of his administration ? In what coun- 
tries had witchcraft prevailed ? What effect had it had upon the colonists ? 



64 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1704. 



8. Samuel Parris, minister of Salem (Dan vers), charged 
his Indian servant, Tituba, with bewitching his daughter, a 
child of nine years, and his niece, a girl of eleven (1692). 
Tituba acknowledged the charge under the lash, and accused 
others. Parris used the alarm which he had conjured up 
among the people to gratify his own private malignity. 
Accusations were multiplied, imprisonments, trials, and tor- 
tures took place. All who proclaimed their innocence were 
found guilty and hanged. Those only who confessed were 
saved. The most respectable people were convicted on 
fraudulent evidence or vague suspicion, and were put to 
death, after being subjected to cruel agonies. The persecu- 
tions were encouraged by the Rev. Cotton Mather, who wrote 
a book in favor of them. He was present abetting the ex- 
ecution of the Rev. George Burroughs, and reviling the 
innocent man. Giles Cory, an old man of eighty, refused 
to answer the court, and was pressed to death, under the 
provisions of an old law. He thus avoided a conviction, and 
saved his estate for his family. Twenty persons were hanged, 
more than fifty tormented into a false or delusive confession 
of guilt, and many were imprisoned. The trials were arrested 
by royal prohibition, by the interference of the legislature, 
and by the returning sense of the people. Many prominent 
actors in the iniquity confessed their blindness with bitter 
regret — but Cotton Mather professed to be blind till his 
death. 

9. When the war of the Spanish Succession broke out in 
Europe (1702-1713), the French and their Indian allies as- 
sailed the English colonies in America, and commenced 

Queen Anne's War. 

The scattered hamlets of Maine were desolated. Deerfield, in 
Massachusetts, was assaulted at midnight (1704) by French 

8. What charges had the minister at Salem brought? Give an account of the 
witchcraft troubles. What terminated them ? Who refused to be enlightened ? 

9. What originated Queen Anne's War? What places were attacked ? What was 
the progress of the war ? What is said of Port Royal ? 



1745.] 



MASS A CHUSETTS. 



65 



and Indians, who had marched through the snow, and who 
entered the fort on the snow banked against the palisades. 
Forty-seven of its people were killed, and one hundred and 
tw T enty were carried captive to Canada. It w 7 as a time of 
dread and misery along the border country. Colonel Church, 
with five hundred soldiers from Massachusetts, destroyed the 
Indian villages along the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. 
Port Royal, in Acadie, was taken by Colonel Nicholson, who 
sailed against it from Boston (1710). He changed its name 
to Annapolis, which it still retains. 

10. The late war had inflicted grievous injuries on the 
frontier country, and created a heavy burden of debt. It 
had retarded settlement, checked industry, and crippled the 
agriculture of the country. With the return of tranquillity, 
Massachusetts established her jurisdiction throughout Maine, 
and settlements grew up around the fishing and trading 
posts. Peace was made with the eastern Indians; quiet 
prevailed and favored rapid progress, till 

King George's War, 1744-8. 

11. This war grew out of the great European " War of the 
Austrian Succession." In America it commenced by the French 
capture of the English garrison at Canso, and their imprison- 
ment at Louisbourg (1744). An attack on this strong for- 
tress was undertaken. Col. Pepperell laid siege to the place 
with a large force from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode 
Island, and New Hampshire, and received its surrender, after 
having beleaguered it forty-nine days (1745). This exploit 
was one of the most brilliant in the annals of New England. 

12. The invasion of the French settlements in Nova Scotia 
formed part of the campaign in which Braddock was so dis- 
astrously defeated. Provincial troops from Boston, strength- 



1 O. How did this war affect the country ? What occurred with the return of peace ? 
What disturbed the returning tranquillity ? 

1 1 . What gave rise to these new difficulties ? How did the war commence in 
America? Give some account of it. 

12. What is said of the invasion of the French settlements ? How did it result ? 



66 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1667. 



ened by a small British force, invested Beau Sejour (bo se- 
jhoor), the principal post in the country, and took it after a 
siege of four days (1755). The whole of Nova Scotia thus 
passed into British hands. The peaceful French settlers, the 
simple Acadians, were forced on board of British vessels, de 
prived of their beautiful lands and beloved homes, and scat 
tered, poor, lonely, and friendless, among the several colonies 
from New Hampshire to Georgia. 

Still stands the forest primeval ; but under the shade of its branches 
Dwells another race, with other customs and language. 
Only along the shore of the mournful and misty Atlantic, 
Linger a few Acadian peasants, whose fathers from exile 
Wandered back to their native land, to die in its bosom. 



CHAPTEK VIII. 
New York— 1664-1756. 

Summary,— 1. New York under Colonel Nichols.— New regulations. 2. Results 
of the new administration. 3. Title of Duke of York confirmed.— Extent of his 
jurisdiction. 4. New governor appointed. 5. Jacob Leisier assumes the gov- 
ernment. 6. Canadian French a constant menace. 7. Appointment of a new 
governor. 8. Troubles therefrom. 9. Causes of alarm. 10. Convention at 
Albany.— Plan for colonial union. 

1. The history of New York under the Dutch, and its ac- 
quisition by the English, have been already narrated (p. 25). 
Colonel Nichols, the first deputy of the Duke of York, gov- 
erned in such a manner as to cause regret for the change of 
rule. All power was retained in his own hands ; the meeting 
of the Assembly was not allowed, and the people were bur- 
dened with his exactions. The administration of his successor, 
Lord Lovelace (1667), was even more oppressive. "The 
method of keeping the people in good order," said he, " is 
severity, and laying such taxes as may give them liberty for 
no thought but how to discharge them." 



1 . What is said of the government of Colonel Nichols ? of Lord Lovelace ? 



1684.] 



NEW YORK. 



67 



2. Such harshness produced discontent, and the city and 
fort were at once surrendered when a Dutch fleet entered the 
harbor, during the brief war between England and Holland 
(1673). By this easy capture the Dutch regained their for- 
mer possessions in this quarter of the world, but they were 
restored to the English by the treaty of peace (1674). 

3. On the recovery of these provinces, the title of the 
Duke of York was confirmed by a new charter which enlarged 
his domain. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed his deputy 
for the government of New York (1674). Andros was frus- 
trated in an attempt to add to New York the lands on the 
west bank of the Connecticut river, but he held Delaware, 
and claimed jurisdiction over the Jerseys. 

4. The complaints of the people induced a change. Thomas 
Dongan, a Roman Catholic, was made governor (1683), and 
was authorized to convoke an assembly. That body framed 
a " Charter of Liberties," which established free representa- 
tive government and religious toleration. But this constitu- 
tion was disregarded by James II. on his accession to the 
throne ; direct taxes were imposed by royal ordinances, and 
other oppressive measures adopted (1687). 

5. The revolution in England (1688) afforded the prospect 
of relief. Jacob Leisler (lise'ler), the commander of the militia, 
seized the fort, and assumed the government. He was deprived 
of his authority by the arrival of a new governor, was 
brought to trial for high treason along with his son-in-law, 
Milborne, and both were condemned and executed (1691). 

6. The French in Canada were a constant menace along 
the whole northern frontier. Some security was obtained by 
the alliance with the Five Nations, formed at Albany (1684), 

2. How did the colonists bear these oppressions ? What was done on the arrival 
of the Dutch fleet ? To whom were their possessions restored ? 

3. How was the title of the Duke of York confirmed ? What is said of Sir Edmund 
Andros ? 

4. What induced a change ? Who was made governor? What was accomplished 
under his administration ? 

5. What afforded prospect of relief? What action was taken by Leisler? How 
did it result ? 

6. What did the French menace ? How was security obtained? What is said of 
Schuvler ? 



68 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1741. 



and by the energy and daring of Major Schuyler {sky' lev) ^ 
who pursued the invaders from Canada with such rapidity 
as to receive from his Mohawk allies the name of the " Great 
Swift Arrow" (1693). 

7. On the death of the honest Earl of Bellamont (1701), 
Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, the cousin of Queen Anne, 
became governor, and signalized his administration by the 
persecution of all dissenters, by arbitrary and imperious con- 
duct, by the acceptance of bribes, and by embezzlement of 
the public money. He was removed on the petition of the 
Assemblies of New York and New Jersey (1708). The vices 
of royal governors, the circumstances of the country, and the 
interests of the people, implanted and cherished a strong but 
often repressed spirit of freedom, and a growing desire for 
popular government. This spirit produced divisions and 
political parties, and displayed itself strikingly on the ap- 
pointment of William Cosby as governor (1732). 

8. A quarrel arose between Governor Cosby and Rip Van 
Dam, who was acting governor at the time of his arrival. 
It assumed a form since familiar to American politics. Van 
Dam controlled a newspaper which advocated liberal opinions, 
and was sustained by the popular or democratic party. Gov- 
ernor Cosby, who was upheld by the opposite party, caused 
the arrest of Zenger, the editor of the paper, and had him 
tried for libel. Zenger was acquitted, and the city magis- 
trates expressed their joy by conferring the freedom of the city 
on Hamilton, the lawyer from Philadelphia by whom he had 
been defended. Party lines were broadly drawn, and party 
feuds filled up much of the subsequent history of the colony. 

9. Much alarm was excited by the burning of the Dutch 
church, and other buildings, and the robbery of a private 
house by slaves (1741). The negroes were accused of con- 
spiring to burn the town, to massacre the whites, and to 

7. How was the administration of the new governor signalized ? What was the 
effect of the conduct of the royal governors upon the people ? 

8. What quarrel arose ? How did it result ? 

9. What else excited alarm? 



1754.] NEW JERSEY, DELAWARE, AND PENNSYLVANIA. 



69 



establish a government of their own. More than thirty per- 
sons were hanged for connection with the supposed plot, and 
others were banished. 

10. In the beginning of the great French war in America, 
the British government suggested a convention of delegates 
from all the colonial assemblies, for the purpose of renewing 
and strengthening the league with the Iroquois, or Six Na- 
tions. This congress met at Albany (1754). The treaty 
with the Indians was confirmed ; and, on the proposition of 
Massachusetts, it was resolved to draw up a plan for colonial 
union. Such a plan was presented by Benjamin Franklin, a 
delegate from Philadelphia, and was adopted with the dis- 
senting voice of Connecticut alone. The principal objection 
made was that too much power was still conceded to the 
crown. The machinery was already devised for the creation 
of an independent government, for the federation of the col- 
onies, and for conducting them through the struggles of the 
revolution. A somewhat similar measure had been proposed 
by Coxe of New Jersey (1722), and by William Penn (1700). 



CHAPTER IX. 

New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. 

Summary, — 1. Extent of country known as New Netherlands. — Division of its 
territory. 2. Offers made to colonists. — Disturbances. 3. Sale of territory. 4. 
Quaker settlements formed. — Purchase of East Jersey. 5. Surrender of the Jer- 
sey government to the crown. 6. Progress of the Quakers. — Naming of Penn- 
sylvania.— Its settlement. 7. Advent of Penn. — Treaty with the Indians.— Phil- 
adelphia founded. 8. After acts of Penn. 9. Disputed countries. — Surveyors 
employed. 10. Penn's return to America. 11. Penn recalled to England. 

1. New Jersey and Delaware formed part of the New 
Netherlands at the time of its conquest by the English. No 

1 0. What had the British government suggested ? Where did this congress meet ? 
What was proposed? by whom ? What objection was made to it ? What was ac 
complished ? What had been proposed by Coxe and William Penn ? 

1. What formed part of the New Netherlands ? What division of the territory 
was made ? What town was founded ? 



70 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1677. 



permanent settlement had been made within their limits. 
• The Duke of York, who had received a grant of the whole 
Dutch domain, conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret the territory between the Hudson and the Dela- 
ware — the North and South rivers. Philip Carteret, the 
brother of Sir George, became governor, and under his aus- 
pices Elizabethtown was founded by settlers from Long 
Island (1664). 

2. Colonists were invited by the offer of liberal privileges — 
representative assemblies, and taxation only by them ; reli- 
gious liberty, and exemption from quit-rents for five years. 
Seventy-five acres of land were also promised for each able- 
bodied slave imported. The attempt to collect rents after the 
expiration of the prescribed term provoked resistance. Philip 
Carteret was expelled, and James, the reputed son of Sir 
George Carteret, was made governor by the insurgents 
(1672). On the surrender of New York (1673), New Jersey 
was regained by the Dutch, and for some years its fortunes 
were connected with those of its neighbor ; but the Duke of 
York at length restored it to the grantees. 

3. Lord Berkeley sold his interest in the territory to 
Edward Byllinge (bill'ing), a Quaker (1674), who assigned 
it to William Penn and two other Quakers. The new pro- 
prietors obtained from Carteret a division of the province 
(1676), which was henceforth distinguished as East and 
West Jersey. The latter fell to the lot of Penn and the 
Friends. 

4. A domain of their own, appropriated to members of 
their peculiar persuasion, attracted Quaker settlement. Four 
hundred of the sect settled in West Jersey (1677), and were 
sustained by the English courts in resisting the interference 



2. What offers were made to the colonists ? What is said of the attempt to col- 
lect rents ? Who was created governor ? What provinces were regained by the 
Dutch ? 

3. What is said of Lord Berkeley's claim? What of the new proprietors? To 
whom did West Jersey fall ? 

4. What did this attract? In what were they sustained by the English courts? 
Where was the first Assembly held ? What increased their strength ? 



1681.] NEW JERSEY, VELA WARE, AND PENNSYL VANIA. 



71 



of Governor Andros. The first Assembly was held at Salem 
(1681), and a body of laws was adopted. Prosperity was 
promoted by the purchase of East Jersey (1682), when Rob- 
ert Barclay became governor, and drew many of his co- 
religionaries to the colony. The persecution and suppres- 
sion of the Scotch Covenanters also increased the number of 
the settlers ; but the community was deprived of its separate 
government by Andros, and for many years after his re- 
moval there was little regular authority. 

5. At length the proprietors of the Jerseys surrendered the 
government to the crown (1702). The two sections were 
united into one province, and placed under the governor of 
New York. This conjunction lasted for nearly forty years, 
till Lewis Morris became the first royal governor of New 
Jersey (1738). Its prosperity and peaceful growth were not 
interrupted till its plains, and highlands, and rivers acquired 
historic renown by the early campaigns of the Revolutionary 
War. 

6. But Pennsylvania was the colony of the Quakers. It 
was founded by a Quaker, at the instigation of Quakers, as 
a refuge for that amiable but ill-treated sect. George Fox, 
the founder of the creed, had visited the American colonies 
(1673), and had found his disciples scattered and usually 
despised and oppressed. He desired a secure retreat for his 
people, and one w r as sought by the purchase of the Jerseys. 
Penn, however, wished ample range for his "holy experi- 
ment," and obtained from Charles II. a grant of the country 
west of the Delaware (1681). He proposed to call it Syl- 
vania (the woodland), but it was named by the king Penn- 
sylvania (the forest realm of Penn). Next year he obtained 
"the territories," as they were then termed, which now form 
the State of Delaware. 



5. To whom was the government surrendered ? What union was formed ? What 
its results ? 

6. What progress had the Quakers made ? Vv T ho was the founder of their creed ? 
What did William Penn obtain ? What did he name the country? 



72 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1682, 



7. Penn at once despatched a large body of emigrants. 
He soon visited his domain and instituted a government for 
his subjects (1682). He was cordially welcomed by the 
Swedes on the Delaware, by the new settlers in his recent 
grant, and by the occupants of the Jersey purchase. He 
made a treaty with the Delaware Indians beneath an elm at 
Kensington, and paid them for their lands. To the address 
of the " Quaker king" the red-men replied, " We will live in 
love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon 
and the sun shall shine." The promise was never broken. 
On other lands, in like manner purchased, Penn founded and 
laid out, between the Delaware and Schuylkill (skool'kill) 
rivers, the city of Philadelphia, or of brothers' love. 

8. On this 
occasion Penn 
remained two 
years in Amer- 
ica organizing 
his colony and 
providing for its 
welfare. When 
he returned to 
England the pop- 
ulation amount- 
ed to 7,000. A 
council was in- 
trusted with the 
government in 
his absence, but 
it was unable to 
retain c< the terri- 
tories," or " three 



7. Give an a< count of Penn's settlement ; of his treaty with the Indians. What 
city was founded? 

8 . How was Penn employed the two years he remained ? State the number of the 
population. 




1 7 1 O.J NEW JERSEY, DELA WARE, AND PENNSTL VANIA. 



9. These counties were in dispute between Penn and Lord 
Baltimore. They were declared by the English Committee 
of Trade and Plantations not to be included in Baltimore's 
grant (1635). There was a controversy also in regard to 
the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, separating it from 
Maryland. It was at length determined by two surveyors, 
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon (1763-7), and is cele- 
brated in the political history of the United States as Mason 
and Dixon's line — the line of separation between the States 
of the North and the States of the South. 

10. Penn returned to his American dominion after an 
absence of fifteen years. He had suffered trial and persecu- 
tion, and his province had been subjected to the governor 
of New York. By him Delaware had been reunited to 
Pennsylvania — an arrangement which was abrogated by 
Penn so far as to allow the former its own Assembly. Hence, 
it became a separate State of the Union. A more liberal 
frame of government was tendered to the colonists. It was 
accepted by Pennsylvania, but declined by Delaware, which 
preferred a distinct organization. 

11. Penn was recalled to England (1701) by hearing of a 
design to abolish all the proprietary governments. He died 
(1710) overwhelmed with debt, incurred in the prosecution 
of his great enterprise. Philadelphia already contained 
10,000 inhabitants. 

9. What dispute arose ? What was the decision of the English government ? 
Who were employed as surveyors ? What was the result ? 

10. What is said of Pemvs return ? Give an account of his proceedings. 

11. What occasioned Penn's return to England? How many inhabitants did 
Philadelphia contain ? 

4 



74 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1668. 



CHAPTEE X. 

The Carolinas— 1630-1747. 

Summary*— 1. Failure of the Huguenot settlements.— Patent for Southern Vir- 
ginia granted. 2. Exploration and settlements.- Governor of Albemarle settle- 
ments appointed. 3. Inducements to settlers. 4. System of government 
formed. 5. Governor appointed.— Separate government formed. 6. Disputes 
arise.— Efforts at settlement of troubles. 7. Dissension in the Carteret colony. — 
Scotch and other settlements. 8. Condition under the proprietary rule. 
9. Progress of the Carolinas. 10. Attacks by the Indians. 11. Trouble with 
the Spaniards. 12. Domestic disturbances. 13. Progress. 

1. The French Huguenots at Fort Carolina and Raleigh's 
colonies at Roanoke Island had failed, but the hopes of the 
English revived with the settlement of Jamestown. A patent 
for a vast territory on the southern border of Virginia was 
granted by Charles I. to Sir Robert Heath, and some efforts 
at plantation were made (1630) ; but the charter was declared 
void by Charles II. (1663), and a new grant of the territory 
was made to the Earl of Clarendon, Sir William Berkeley, 
and other favorites. The grant was enlarged soon afterward 
(1665), and the western limit of Carolina was changed from 
the Mississippi to the Pacific. 

2. These grants conflicted with the pretensions of Spain 
and the claims of Virginia, but Berkeley, the governor of 
Virginia, was one of the patentees. The country of " Southern 
Virginia" had been early explored under the sanction of the 
authorities at Jamestown, and Virginia settlers had found a 
home on Albemarle Sound, while Puritans from New England 
had established themselves on the Cape Fear river. William 
Drummond, a Scotchman, afterward prominent in Bacon's 
rebellion, was appointed by Berkeley governor of the Albe- 
marle settlements. He gave them a simple and liberal con- 
stitution, and gathered the first Assembly at Edenton (1668). 

1. What is said of the Huguenot settlements ? What patent was granted? What 
did Charles IT. do ? 

2. With what did these grants conflict? Where had the Virginia settlers found a 
home? Where the Puritans ? Who was William Drummond? What did he ac- 
complish ? 



1670.] 



THE CAR LIN AS. 



75 



The New England colony was not prosperous, and was soon 
abandoned by most of its members. 

3. To induce rapid settlement, large privileges were 
offered by the proprietors, who were gratified by the arrival 
of immigrants from New England and from the Bermudas 
(1665) at Albemarle, and from Barbadoes, under Sir John 
Yeamans. The latter body settled upon the Cape Fear 
river, and numbered eight hundred persons the year after 
its establishment. 

4. Visions of a great and flourishing principality floated 
before the minds of the proprietors. The Earl of Shaftesbury 
[shafts' ber-y) was intrusted with the preparation of a suitable 
system of government. He invited the aid of his friend and 
dependent, the celebrated philosopher, John Locke. They 
devised a " Grand Model," wholly inappropriate for the 
mixed and penniless population which was to subdue the 
forests and marshes of America. Three orders of nobility 
were established — the eight proprietors, the landgraves, and 
the caciques (ca-seeks'), or barons. For them nearly all 
power was reserved. The Church of England was made the 
religion of the State, in opposition to the wishes of Locke. 
The plan was inapplicable, and resulted only in failure. It 
was renounced, even by the proprietors, after a struggle of 
twenty-two years (1693). 

5. William Sayle was commissioned governor under the 
Grand-Model, and arrived in the Ashley river in three 
ships (1670). The remoteness of the Albemarle and Claren- 
don settlements, on Albemarle Sound and Cape Fear river, 
compelled the provisional formation of a distinct govern- 
ment ; and the character and interests of these districts were 
so diverse that they never coalesced into one people. 



3. What inducements were offered the immigrants ? What was the result ? 

4. What did the proprietors hope to accomplish ? What was intrusted to the 
Earl of Shaftesbury? What was to be the religion of the State ? Were these plane 
successful ? 

5. Who was subsequently commissioner! governor ? What compelled the forma- 
tion of a distinct government? 



76 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1690. 



6. Disputes in regard to the constitution and to taxation 
provoked insurrection in the northern colony (1677). John 
Culpepper, the surveyor-general, directed the revolt, impris- 
oned the president of the council and other officers, seized 
the public revenues, and formed a government which lasted 
for two years. An effort to allay discontent was made by 
sending as governor Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, who 
had purchased Lord Clarendon's share. He misgoverned the 
colony, oppressed the colonists, and defrauded the proprie- 
tors for six years ; after which period he was deposed, ban- 
ished, and declared forever incapable of holding the govern- 
ment. He retired to the southern settlements, where he 
again became an agent of discord. 

7. The Carteret colony (South Carolina) was in a flour- 
ishing condition, but divisions appeared on the meeting of its 
first legislature (1674). Dutch from the Low Countries, and 
Huguenots from France, exiled by the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes (nants), settled on the Santee and theEdisto. 
Lord Cardross led a body of Scotch to Port Royal Island ; 
and Humphrey Blake, the brother and heir of the great 
admiral, established dissenters from Somersetshire (sum-mer- 
set' sheer) in the same neighborhood. Moravians, and Swiss, 
and Irish, and Germans from the Rhine, swelled the popula- 
tion in later years. The banks on the Ashley river were 
occupied by some cattle raisers; and ten years later (1680), 
Charleston was begun at Oyster Point, a tongue of land on 
Charleston harbor, between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 
which received their names from the Earl of Shaftesbury. 

8. The colonists were restless under the proprietary rule. 
They seized the records, called an Assembly, and banished 
James Colleton, the governor (1690). Seth Sothel usurped 

6. What provoked an insurrection ? Give an account of it. What was the suc- 
cess of Seth Sothel as governor ? 

7. What is said of the Carteret colony ? When did divisions appear? What 
nationalities swelled the population? Who settled on the Ashley river? What 
occurred ten years later? 

8. Under what rule were the colonists restless ? What did they do? What did 
Seth Sothel do ? What changes were effected ? 



1712.] 



THE CAROLINAS. 



77 



the government and exercised it with arbitrary violence, till 
he was displaced by the peremptory order of the proprietors 
(1692). The constitution of Locke was abandoned, and a 
simpler and less annoying system was introduced under the 
judicious administration of John Archdale, a Quaker, who 
had become one of the proprietors (1696). 

9. The progress of the Carolinas was rapid, but not undis- 
turbed. They were exposed to continual annoyance from 
the Spaniards in Florida and their Indian allies. The lands 
on which they were settled were claimed by Spain, and further 
provocation was given by the profitable but illegal inter- 
course which subsisted between the Carolinians and the 
smugglers and buccaneers who preyed on the commerce and 
towns of Spanish America. At the commencement of the 
War of the Spanish Succession, a force of 1200 men — half 
of them Indians — marched from Carolina against St. Augus- 
tine (1702). The town was easily taken, but the fort held 
out. A foray was made upon the Appalachian Indians beyond 
the Savannah. Their villages were destroyed, many prison- 
ers were seized, and the country claimed for the colony (1705). 
Next year a flotilla of French and Spanish vessels appeared 
before Charleston ; but they were driven off, the French 
frigate having been captured after much bloodshed. 

10. These were not the only wars which had harassed the 
southern settlements. The Albemarle colony was furiously 
assailed by the Tuscarora and Coree Indians. One hundred 
and thirty Germans were massacred in a single night (1711), 
and the shores of Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds were devas- 
tated with fire and slaughter. The Tuscaroras were com- 
pletely overwhelmed (1712) by Col. Barnwell, who had 
marched up from the south to the aid of the afflicted settlers. 
Eight hundred were captured, and the rest were driven 
from the country. They retreated northward, and were 



9. What was the condition of the Carolinas ? What other annoyances did the 
settlers meet with ? What is said of St. Augustine ? What occurred the next year ? 
10. Into what confederacy were they received ? 



78 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1760. 



received as a sixth nation into the confederacy of Ihe Five 
Nations. 

11. A more serious danger was at hand. The frontier set- 
tlements of South Carolina were broken up by the sudden 
attack of the Yemassees {yem'as-ees), who dwelt along the 
Savannah river, and were joined by the Catawbas, Cherokees, 
and Creeks (1713). Governor Craven inarched through the 
swamps to meet them, defeated them in a bloody battle at 
Salkehatchie {sol-ketch- ee), and drove them into Florida. But 
a heavy debt had been incurred by these and other hostili- 
ties, the expenses of which were defrayed by issuing bills of 
credit. 

12. During this period of warfare domestic disturbances 
arose. An attempt was made to subject to the Anglican 
church all the colonists, though they were of diverse origin 
and dissimilar creeds. The dissenters were disfranchised, 
but the act was repealed in consequence of the disapproval 
of the English Parliament (1706). These differences prepared 
the way for a greater change. A convention of the people 
repudiated the proprietary government and declared Colonel 
Moore governor (1719). A similar movement took place in 
the Albemarle colony about the same time. After ten years 
of controversy and negotiation the proprietors sold all their 
rights to the king (1729). The Carolinas were attached to 
the crown, and divided into the two provinces of North and 
South Carolina, a division which has since subsisted. 

13. Collisions between the royal governors and the assem- 
blies, disputes in regard to official salaries and land grants, 
and other matters of local interest, constituted the only 
notable topics until the Cherokee war (1760). Population 



11. What serious danger threatened them? How was it overcome? By what 
means were the expenses of this war defrayed ? 

12. What arose during this period ? What was the cause? For what did these 
differences prepare the way ? How did they terminate ? What two provinces were 
formed ? 

13. What troubles preceded the Cherokee War? What is said of the population 
and wealth of the country ? What articles did the colonists attempt to raise ? 
What enactment was formed ? On what grounds was it made ? 



1732.] 



GEORGIA. 



79 



increased, by natural multiplication and by immigration 
from abroad; but wealth increased still more rapidly by 
a lucrative commerce, by the culture of valuable staples 
favored by a genial clime, and by the augmentation of negro 
slaves. Rice was introduced from Madagascar (1696) ; the 
raising of silk was attempted, without success ; cotton was 
planted (1702), but was not extensively cultivated till after 
the invention of the cotton-gin ; but the native indigo, soon 
after its discovery, became a source of considerable wealth 
(1747). So numerous were the slaves required for this pros- 
perous and profitable agriculture, that measures were taken 
to prevent the hazards of insurrection, and the first slave- 
code of Carolina was enacted in the same year in which the 
importation of Indians and negroes was prohibited by Penn- 
sylvania, and of Indian slaves by Massachusetts, as being " a 
discouragement to the importation of white Christian serv- 
ants, this province being differently circumstanced from the 
plantations in the islands" (1712). 



CHAPTEE XI. 
Georgi a— 1 732-1756. 

Summary. — 1. Georgia claimed by Spain.— Its acquisition by the British Grown, 
— Its cession to General Oglethorpe. 2. Character of Oglethorpe. — Measures 
proposed by him. 3. First settlement.— Increase of the settlement.— Grants to 
settlers. — Oglethorpe's visits to England. 4. War with the Spaniards.— Visit of 
Whitefield. — Orphan-asylum founded. 5. Civil government reinstated. 6. 
Constitution provided. 7. Character of the settlers. 8. Union of the colonies. 

1, Georgia was the youngest of the English colonies in 
America. It was claimed by Spain as part of Florida. It 
was included in the grant of the Carolinas. By their sale 
and surrender it was acquired by the British Crown (1729). 
George II. conceded (1732) to General Oglethorpe and other 
trustees, for the term of twenty-one years, the whole country 



1. How did Georgia rank among the colonies ? What nation claimed it ? In what 
grant was it included ? By whom acquired ? To whom conceded? What provis- 
ions were made for its colonization ? 



80 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1728. 



between the Savannah (sav-an'ah) and Altamaha (awl-ta- 
ma-haw') rivers, "in trust for the poor," and to form an 
asylum for the destitute and wretched. It was called 
Georgia in honor of the king. 

2. General Oglethorpe undertook the conduct of the col- 
ony, and was appointed its governor. Oglethorpe w T as a 



of the British Parliament, and had proposed measures for 
the relief of imprisoned debtors (1728). He now devoted 
his means and his energies to establishing for them and other 
unfortunates a refuge beyond the Atlantic, where their lives 
might not be without hope, nor their labors without reward. 

3. The first settlement was made by Oglethorpe on a bluff 
overlooking the Savannah river, eighteen miles from its 
mouth. It received the name of the stream on which it was 
built. The colony increased rapidly in numbers, but the 
poverty of the inhabitants, and the regulations of the trus- 



2. Who undertook its supervision ? What was his character and education ? To 
what did he devote his energies and means ? 

3. Where was the first settlement made ? What was the condition of the colony ? 
What was allotted to each settler? What was prohibited ? For what purpose did 
Oglethorpe visit England ? 



had taken part in the siege of 




GENERAL OGLETHORPE. 



man of talent, culture, benev- 
olence, and distinction. Hand- 
some in person, elegant in 
manners, sagacious in counsel, 
bold and quick in action, ami- 
able in disposition, and full of 
compassion for the miseries 
of his kind — he may bear a 
comparison with Penn, whom 
he surpassed in unselfishness, 
if he failed to equal him in 
success. Oglethorpe had been 
educated at the University of 
Oxford, had served on the 
staff of Prince Eugene, and 
Belgrade. He was a member 



1742.] 



GEORGIA. 



81 



tees prevented a corresponding advancement in prosperity. 
Twenty-five acres of land were allotted to each settler, with 
the obligation of military service; but negro slavery was pro- 
hibited. Oglethorpe visited England twice on behalf of the 
colony. On the first occasion (1736) he brought back three 
hundred fresh emigrants, including one hundred and seventy 
Moravians, and John and Charles Wesley, who had not yet 
separated from the church in which they had been bred. On 
the second visit he led back with him a regiment of six 
hundred soldiers for defence against the Spaniards. 

4. War was not long delayed. An unsuccessful demon- 
stration was made against St. Augustine by Oglethorpe, who 
had received the commission of general in the British ser- 
vice, and been placed in command of the Carolina troops 
(1740). The Spaniards retaliated (1742), sailed to the Alta- 
maha, where a fort had been erected, took it, and threatened 
to overwhelm the colony ; but were deluded by the move- 
ments and stratagems of Oglethorpe, and retreated precipi- 
tately. Oglethorpe was, however, compelled to return to 
England (1742) to meet the charges preferred against him. 
He was tried by a court-martial, and honorably acquitted, 
while his accuser was dismissed from the army. 

In the year in which St. Augustine was attacked, Savannah 
was visited by the great preacher, George Whitefield (to hit' - 
field), one of the founders of the Methodist communion, and 
an orphan-asylum was established by him there. 

5. On the departure of Oglethorpe a civil government was 
substituted for the military system which had previously 
prevailed. It was threatened, however, by a strange peril. 
Bosom worth {boo'zum-worth), the chaplain of Oglethorpe's 
regiment, had married an Indian squaw, and induced the 
Creeks to accept her as their queen. At the head of an 
Indian force he marched upon Savannah, demanding a large 

4. Give an account of the war with the Spaniards. What celebrated preacher 
visited Savannah ? What did he establish there ? 

5. What occurred upon the departure of Oglethorpe? What danger threatened 
the inhabitants ? How was it averted ? 



82 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1751.] 



tract of land in right of his wife, and threatening to exter- 
minate the people if it were not surrendered. By boldness 
and resolution the Indians were deprived of their leaders and 
forced into submission. 

6. But dissatisfaction continued to prevail in the colony till 
the charter was surrendered to the crown, shortly before the 
expiration of the term for which it had been granted (1751). 
A constitution similar to that of Carolina was bestowed on 
Georgia. Prosperity had hitherto been retarded, notwithstand- 
ing frequent grants of money, exemptions from financial bur- 
dens, and other favors. The want of labor, and especially of 
slave-labor, was regarded as a main cause of the slow progress. 
The prohibition of slavery was first evaded, then disregarded, 
and ultimately abolished — its expediency having been ad- 
mitted by George Whitefield on his visit to the colony, 

7. The settlers of Georgia were various in race, condition, 
and temperament. Good and bad, the wretched and the en- 
thusiastic, were strangely commingled. After the rebellion 
in Scotland in 1745, many Scotch Jacobites came to Georgia, 
as they came to the Carolinas, and brought with them their 
hatred of the House of Hanover and of the British govern- 
ment. The Moravians had been sent over by Count Zinzen- 
dorf (zin'zen-dorf), and other earnest sects had come with 
the hope of reforming the vicious or converting the heathen. 
General Oglethorpe was accused of gathering for his colonies 
the sweepings of the prisons and jails and haunts of vice. 
Many felons were undoubtedly among the early settlers. 
From them descended " a race of men called Crackers, who 
led a wild and vagrant life, like the Indians, with no other 
effects than a rifle and a blanket, and subsisting upon the 
deer, turkeys, and other game which the woods ^furnish." 

8. An account, necessarily brief and disconnected, has thus 
been given of the establishment, progress, and fortunes of the 

6. What prevailed in the colony ? What was bestowed upon Georgia? What is 
said of the condition of the colony? 

7. Describe the settlers of Georgia. 

8. What combination of the colonies was formed ? 



1756.] 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



83 



thirteen English colonies in America, which afterward united 
in the War of Independence against England, and combined 
themselves together after the war as the United States of 
North America. Their separate existence has been traced 
until each has acquired solidity and permanence, and all are 
prepared to act in concert for common protection against a 
foreign enemy, or for the assertion of common interests and 
rights. The common defence was the first necessity. 



CHAPTEE XII. 

The Geeat French and Indian War — 1756-1763. 

Summary,— 1. Indians assisted by the French. — Losses of eastern territory. — 
Acquisition of western lands. 2. Explorations and discoveries. 3. Efforts at 
settlement on the Mississippi. 4. King George's War. 5. War formally 
declared. 6. Changes in English ministry. 7. The campaign of 1758. 8. Ex- 
pedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 9. Movement on Fort dn 
Qnesne. — Washington welcomed with honors. 10. Conquest of Canada pro- 
posed. 11. First advantage gained. 12. Siege of Fort Niagara. 13. Wolfe's 
expedition. 14. Its progress. 1 5. Arrival of an English fleet. 16. Condition 
of the southern colonies. 1 7. The treaty of Paris. — French excluded from the 
continent. 18. Seeds of war scattered. 

1. In their depredations and butcheries along the northern 
frontier, the Indians had been encouraged and aided by the 
French. This and other causes of national jealousy had 
provoked frequent colonial enterprises, which had resulted in 
the conquest of Nova Scotia and in other successes. But the 
losses in the east were richly compensated by the enlarge- 
ment of the dominions toward the setting sun. The immense 
valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi were claimed 
for France, and the English colonies seemed in danger of 
being confined to the narrow belt between the mountains and 
the Atlantic shore. A struggle for supremacy or for exist- 



1 . Who assisted the Indians in their depredations * What had this provoked ? 
By what were the losses in the East compensated ? What did France claim ? What 
struggle arose"? 



84 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1706.] 



ence was sure to occur as soon as the growth of the English 
colonies demanded an expansion of their borders. That 
time had arrived in the middle of the last century. 

2. The vast dominion of New France had been acquired 
chiefly by the religious zeal and enterprise of the Jesuit mis- 
sionaries and by the adventurous daring of the Canadian 
traders, who exchanged arms, ammunition, and gewgaws for 
skins and furs. Allouez (al'loo-a) explored the shores of Lake 
Superior (1665), and heard from the Sioux of the great river 
on which they dwelt. Marquette (mar-kef) established mis- 
sions on the straits which join Lake Superior and Lake 
Huron (1668), and Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (mish'i- 
gan) (1671) ; and in company with Joliet (zhol%-a) descended 
the Wisconsin and discovered the Mississippi (1673). They 
followed the course of the river to the mouth of the Arkansas, 
and were then compelled to return. La Salle, an enterprising 
trader, and Hennepin, a Jesuit father, started from Quebec 
and established forts and trading posts south of Lake 
Ontario (1679). Hennepin advanced to the west and discov- 
ered and named the Falls of St. Anthony on the upper Mis- 
sissippi (1680). On a second expedition La Salle reached the 
great river (1682), descended to its mouth, took possession 
of the country on its banks for the French crown, and named 
it Louisiana in honor of " the great monarch." 

3. The discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto had given 
an earlier title to Spain. The French claim could only be 
secured by occupancy. La Salle received a commission to 
colonize and govern the country, but he was murdered by 
his own men while endeavoring to return (1687). A second 
colony was sent under D'Iberville (dce-ber-veeV) (1699). He 
founded Biloxi (bee-lok r si), and Fort Rosalie, near the site of 
Natchez (1706). Louisiana became the basis of the great 



2. How had New France been acquired? What did Allouez do? What Mar- 
quette ? What La Salle, and Hennepin ? 

3. What is said of the discovery of the Mississippi ? What became of La Salle ? 
What did D'Iberville found? What is said of the Mississippi scheme ? What oc- 
curred ten years later ? 



1756.] 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



85 



Mississippi scheme of John Law, but the project failed. It 
had sent out some colonists, who had begun the city of New 
Orleans, so named in honor of the regent of France (1718- 
1723). About ten years later (1729) Fort Rosalie was 
attacked by the Natchez, and all its occupants but two were 
murdered. The Natchez were exterminated by the French 
from New Orleans. D'Artaguette (dart-a-c/het'), governor of 
Illinois, and Vincennes (vi?i-senz f ), conducted an expedition 
against the Chickasaws, by whom the hostilities of the 
Natchez had been instigated (1736). D'Artaguette fell while 
leading a third attack; Vincennes was taken and burnt at 
the stake with the other prisoners. Peace was, however, soon 
renewed, and quiet prevailed in Louisiana. 

4. The War of the Austrian Succession, or King George's 
War, as it was called in America, was closed by the peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-lah-shah-peV) (1748) ; but it was closed 
only in Europe. Hostilities were protracted in America. 
The principal operations undertaken in Virginia and New 
England during the interval of violated peace which pre- 
ceded the renewed declaration of war, were the defeat of 
Braddock and the completion of the conquest of Nova 
Scotia (1755). Two other expeditions formed parts of that 
year's campaign — one against Fort Frontenac and Fort 
Niagara, the other against Crown Point on Lake Champlain 
[sham-plane'). The former was abandoned in consequence 
of Braddock's defeat, the latter achieved little ; but an 
engagement took place at the upper end of Lake George, in 
which Dieskau (dee-es'ko 1 ), the French commander, was slain 
(8 Sept., 1755), 

5. War was formally declared the next spring (May, 1756). 
The Marquis de Montcalm (mont-cahm'), the new governor 
of Canada, took Oswego, with its garrison, artillery, and sup- 

4. What gave rise to King George's War ? Give an account of its continuation in 
America ? What two other expeditions formed part of the campaign ? 

5. When was war formally declared ? Who took Oswego ? What did the French 
and Indians do in the winter? What, Lord Loudoun? What, Montcalm ? What 
was the result of the attack on Fort William Henry ? 



86 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1758. 



plies. Nothing was attempted by Lord Loudoun (Jdri'dun), 
who had come out as governor-general of the English colo- 
nies. During the winter fifteen hundred French and Indians 
made a hurried march of one hundred and eighty miles over 
the snow to surprise Fort William Henry, but were compelled 
to return, as the garrison was on the alert. Lord Loudoun 
collected an army often thousand men for operations against 
Louisbourg, but suffered the season to pass away without 
result. Montcalm had not been idle. He invested Fort 
William Henry, with a strong force, embracing seventeen 
hundred Indians. A gallant resistance was made, but the 
place surrendered, as no assistance was received from General 
Webb, who had a strong force at Fort Edward, in the neighbor- 
hood. By the terms of the surrender the garrison was to be 
conducted in safety to Fort Edward ; but, during the retreat 
of the English, the savages fell upon and massacred nearly 
all of them (1757). 

6. Disasters in all quarters produced great dissatisfaction 
in England, and compelled a change of ministry. William 
Pitt, afterward Earl of Chatham (tshat'am), became chief 
of the British cabinet (July, 1757), and entered upon the 
most brilliant administration in the annals of his country. 
The affairs of America required prompt and energetic meas- 
ures. Hope and enthusiasm revived. The colonies were 
induced to make extraordinary efforts, and were promised 
the repayment of their expenditures for the war. Twenty 
thousand troops were required from them ; but General Aber- 
crombie, who succeeded Loudoun, found himself in command 
of fifty thousand men. 

7. Three distinct enterprises were embraced in the cam- 
paign of 1758. General Amherst and General Wolfe, with 
the fleet under Admiral Boscawen, were to assail Louisbourg. 

6. What did these disasters produce ? What is said of William Pitt ? What was 
promised the colonists ? 

7. What were embraced in the campaign of 1758? Who conducted these enter- 
prises? What is said of the siege of Louisbourg ? How far did the British pos- 
sessions extend ? 



1758.] 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



87 



Abercrombie and Lord Howe were to march upon Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point ; and General Forbes was to proceed 
against Fort Du Quesne and the posts on the Ohio. The 
British force landed in the rear of Louisbourg. The French 
withdrew into their fortifications. The siege was vigorously 
prosecuted : all the shipping in the harbor was destroyed ; 
and the city was surrendered, along with the islands of Cape 
Breton (brit'on) and Prince Edward, then known as St. 
John's (26 July). The British possessions were thus ex- 
tended to the Gulf, and nearly to the mouth of the river 
St. Lawrence. 

8. The expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
was the largest that had yet taken the field in America. It 
consisted of fifteen thousand men. They descended Lake 
George, and landing at the fort, proceeded through the 
woods and swamps to attack Ticonderoga, which was held 
by Montcalm with four thousand men. While entangled in 
the woods, they were attacked by the enemy. The attack 
was repulsed ; but Lord Howe, the young and beloved com- 
mander, was slain. An assault on the French works failed, 
with the loss of two thousand men. Abercrombie fell back 
to Albany, but sent a detachment which took Fort Frontenac 
with little difficulty. 

9. The movement on Fort Du Quesne was entirely suc- 
cessful, but it was achieved mainly by the sagacity and reso- 
lution of Colonel Washington, who commanded the Virginia 
troops. In consequence of losses and delays, the abandon- 
ment of the enterprise was proposed ; but Washington was 
permitted to hasten forward with the Virginians, on learning 
the weakness of the garrison. When he appeared the fort was 
deserted and fired. The flames were extinguished, the English 
flag was raised, and the name of the post was changed to 
Fort Pitt. Washington, on his return, was welcomed with dis- 

8. How did the expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point compare with 
others ? State its progress. 

9. What success attended the movement on Fort Du Quesne? Who commanded 
the Virginia troops ? What is said of his success ? Of his return ? 



88 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1758. 



tinguished honors. He was elected to the House of Burgesses, 
and received the thanks of Virginia for his services. He 
hesitated for a reply. " Sit down," said the Speaker, " your 
modesty is equal to your valor, and that surpasses the power 
of any language I possess." 

10. The success of the year had been so decisive, notwith- 
standing the failure at Ticonderoga, that Pitt proposed the 
conquest of all Canada in another campaign. Abercrombie 
had been succeeded in the command of the army by General 
Amherst, who was also made governor of Virginia. The 
spirit of the colonies was stimulated by the prompt reimburse- 
ment of their outlays. Again the campaign was arranged in 
three parts, but the movements were on lines intended to 
converge and to meet before the walls of Quebec. Amherst 
was to clear Northern New York of the French, and to take 
Ticonderoga ; General Prideaux (prid-d) was to carry Fort 
Niagara and join Amherst in Canada; and Wolfe was to 
ascend the St. Lawrence and invest Quebec. 

11. The first advantage was gained by Amherst. Pie took the 
field with eleven thousand men. Ticonderoga was abandoned 
by its garrison, which retired to Crown Point. On the ap- 
proach of Amherst, Crown Point was in turn evacuated. The 
pursuit down Lake Champlain was arrested by storms ; Am- 
herst did not advance into Canada to co-operate with the army 
of Wolfe, but fell back to Crown Point, where he wintered. 

12. General Prideaux met with more opposition. The siege 
of Fort Niagara lasted for three weeks. Prideaux was killed 
by the bursting of a gun. His successor, Sir William John- 
son, routed with much carnage the relieving army of twelve 
hundred men gathered by D'Aubry (do'bre) from the posts in 
the interior. Next day the fort surrendered. All the positions 
from Lake Erie to Fort Pitt, fell into the English hands. 

1 0. What did Pitt propose ? How were the colonists encouraged ? What cam- 
paign was arranged ? Where were the lines to meet ? Describe the plan. 

11. Who gained the first advantage? How was the expedition arrested? 

12. What did General Prideaux meet with ? Give an account of the siege of 
Fort Niagara. 



1759.] 



THE FRENCH AM) INDIAN WAR. 



89 



13. The enterprise intrusted to Gen. Wolfe was of " greater 
pith and moment" than these. Wolfe was a young officer of 
high promise, and w r as sent against a city almost impregna- 
ble. Quebec, the capital of Canada, was strongly fortified, 
and on three sides inac- 
cessible. Two broad riv- 
ers, the St. Charles and 
the St. Lawrence, protect 
its flanks, and unite below 
the lofty height on which 
the fortress stands. In 
front lies the smooth, deep, 
spacious harbor, shut in 
by Point Levi (lee'vi) on 
the south bank and by the 
Isle of Orleans to the east. 
Behind the city spread general wolfe. 

the Heights of Abraham, 

raised far above the St. Lawrence, and descending to it by a 
long and steep declivity. 

14. A fleet from Louisbourg of twenty-tw T o sail, bearing eight 
thousand men, arrived about midsummer before Quebec. Wolfe 
disembarked on the Island of Orleans, and established a bat- 
tery on Point Levi, which threw hot shot across the river, and 
destroyed the lower town. An attempt to dislodge the French 
army, which lay on the north bank between the St. Charles and 
the Montmorenci (mont-mo-ren' si) was defeated with heavy 
loss. Wolfe was dispirited and sick. No vulnerable point 
was discovered by the most careful reconnoissances (rek-on f - 
nois-an-ses) , and no news of the approach of Amherst arrived. 
As the last hope it was resolved to attack the place from 
above. In a sheltered bay, since known as Wolfe's Cove, a 
landing was effected in the darkness of night, and the army 

1 3. Who was Wolfe ? Where was he sent? Describe the situation of Quebec. 

14. What arrived hefore Quebec ? Where did Wolfe establish himself? What at- 
tempt was made? Was it successful ? How did it affect Wolfe t_ "What resolution 
was formed ? Describe the attack. What officers were slain ? What was erected 
to their memory ? 




90 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1760. 



clambered up the long, steep, and difficult slope. " They 
have got to the weak side of this miserable garrison," ex- 
claimed Montcalm ; " we must give them battle and crush 
them before midday." Two hours before noon the battle 
commenced. Montcalm endeavored to turn the flank of the 
English, and hurl them down the steep. His troops were 
broken by the onslaught, and routed by the charge 
which Wolfe led on their shattered lines. In this charge 
W olfe was wounded in the wrist ; he still pressed on, and 
was wounded again ; the third wound was fatal. " Let not my 
brave fellows see me drop," said he. " They run, they run !" 
cried the officer who supported him. "Who run?" asked 
Wolfe. " The French give way everywhere," was the reply. 
" Now God be praised," said the expiring hero, " I die happy." 
Montcalm, too, was wounded, the second time mortally. 
When assured that he must die, he replied, u I am glad of it ; 
I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Four days 
afterward the city capitulated. On the square before the 
castle of St. Louis (loo'ee), a monument was erected to the 
joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. 

15. The attempt to recapture Quebec was defeated by the 
arrival of an English fleet in the ensuing spring. In the fall 
of the year Amherst, after a slow and circuitous advance, 
appeared before Montreal, where he met the forces from 
Crown Point and from Quebec. There was no hope of resist- 
ance. The city capitulated (8 Sept., 1760), and with it was 
surrendered all Canada, embracing the whole basin of the St. 
Lawrence below Lake Superior. Thus ended the long strug- 
gle between the French and English colonies in America ; but 
a bitterness and rancor remained which exercised a decisive 
influence w T hen the colonies revolted from Great Britain. 

16. The southern colonies had escaped most of the hazards 
and burdens of the war, but they were not left entirely un- 

15. How was the attempt to recapture Quebec frustrated? What is said of Am- 
herst ? What was surrendered to him ? What did this end ? 

1 6. What had the Southern colonies escaped ? What had the Cherokees done ? 
What return was made to them ? What resulted from it ? 



1763.] 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



91 



disturbed. The Cherokees had remained faithful to the 
English, and had taken part in the war against the French. 
At the close of the campaign they had been dismissed with- 
out reward, and almost without supplies for their homeward 
journey. They had committed depredations on their re- 
turn, which caused bloodshed. The enmity thus evoked was 
inflamed by the harsh and arbitrary conduct of Lyttleton, 
governor of South Carolina. Outrages were committed on 
both sides. The Indian hostages were murdered at Fort 
Prince-George. The garrison of Fort Loudoun, on the Ten- 
nessee river, was betrayed, enslaved, and twenty-seven of the 
number were assassinated as an atonement for the slaughter 
of the hostages. Three military invasions of the country 
were made (1759-1761). The Cherokees sued for peace, and 
obtained it. The valley of the Tennessee was thus secured 
for English settlement. 

17. The Treaty of Paris (10 Feb., 1763) restored peace to 
the nations which had shared in the Seven Years' War. 
France surrendered to England the conquests of the latter in 
North America, and to Spain all of Louisiana on the right 
bank of the Mississippi. Spain ceded the Floridas to Eng- 
land. The English dominion thus embraced the whole coun- 
try from the Mississippi to the Atlantic ; the Spanish all that 
lay between the great river and the Pacific. France, after 
two centuries of colonial enterprise and brilliant adventure, 
was excluded from the continent. 

18. The removal of the French scattered the seeds of war. 
The Indians of the Northwest regretted the departure of 
their ancient allies, and dreaded the occupancy of their lands 
by the British. Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas (ot'ta- 
wahs), claimed the country round the lakes as his dominion ; 
and used the prevailing discontent to form a confederacy for 

17. What did the treaty of Paris restore? What did France surrender to Eng- 
land ? What to Spain ? What did Spain cede to England ? What was now the 
English dominion ? What, the Spanish ? What nation was excluded ? 

18. What effect had the removal of the French ? What did Pontiac claim ? What 
did he form? Give an account of Pontiac' s proceedings. What became of him ? 
What followed his death ? 



92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1764. 

the expulsion of the English. The frontier of Virginia, Mary- 
land, and Pennsylvania was covered with ruin, slaughter, 
and dismay (1763). The forts from Fort Pitt and Niagara 
to Lake Superior were assailed, and all but three were taken. 
Pontiac meditated the capture of Detroit by treachery; 
foiled in his design, he subjected it to a long and perilous 
siege. His allies deserted him. General Bradstreet advanced 
with a considerable force (1764). All the tribes, but the 
Delawares and the Shawnees, accepted conditions of peace. 
Pontiac had withdrawn to Illinois. He was stabbed by an 
Indian chief while at a council urging the formation of 
a new confederacy. He had displayed signal abilities, and 
more than Indian sagacity and resolution, in the conception 
and execution of a grand design for the preservation of his 
race. The dissolution of his confederacy and his death 
diminished the dangers of the colonies and opened the Great 
West to English settlement and European civilization. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART II. 
1576-1763. 

1576.. Frobisher sails in search of a Northwest Passage. 

1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland. He 

is lost at sea. 

1584. Amiclas and Barlow sent by Sir Walter Raleigh to explore. 

1585. First colony at Roanoke Island (Lane's). — returns. 
1587. Second colony at Roanoke Island (White's.) Destroyed. 
1602. Cape Cod discovered and named by Gosnold. 

1606. The Virginia Company divided into the London and Plymouth 

Companies. 

1607. Jamestown in Virginia founded. 

" Popham makes a* settlement at Sagadahok for the Plymouth 
Company. Abandoned. 
1609. Second charter to the London Company. 
" Henry Hudson discovers the North or Hudson River. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART 11. 



93 



1613. Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. 

1614. Capt. John Smith explores the coasts of New England. 
1620. African slaves introduced into Virginia by a Dutch vessel. 

" Settlement of New Plymouth by the Puritans from Holland. 
1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia. 

" Gorges and Mason obtain charters for Maine and New Hamp- 
shire. 

1624. Virginia becomes a royal province. 

1628. Salem in Massachusetts settled by John Endicott. 

1630. Boston founded by John Winthrop. 

1634. Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore. 

1636. Providence founded by Roger Williams. 

" Hartford in Connecticut settled by Hooker, etc. 

1637. Pequod War. 

1638. Rhode Island settled by Coddington, etc. 
1643. Union of New England Colonies. 

1651. " Navigation Act" passed by the Long Parliament. 

1652. Virginia surrenders to the English Commonwealth. 
1656. Persecution of the Quakers by the Puritans. 

1662. Charter of Connecticut ; Winthrop, junior, Governor. 

1663. The Carolinas granted to the Earl of Clarendon, etc. 

1664. New York and the Dutch possessions taken by the English. 
u New Jersey granted to Berkeley and Carteret. 

1675. Kiug Philip's War. 

1676. u Bacon's Rebellion" in Virginia. 

1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. Philadelphia founded. 

1684. Charter of Massachusetts abrogated. 

1688. King William's War. 

1690. Congress of delegates at New York. 

" Port Royal taken and Quebec attacked by Sir William Phipps. 
1692. Persecution of the Salem witches. 

1702. Queen Anne's War. 

1703. Delaware separated from Pennsylvania. 

1710. Port Royal taken again — by Colonel Nicholson. 
1718. New Orleans founded by the French. 
1720. Carolina becomes a royal province. 

1729. North and South Carolina are made distinct governments. 

1732. Washington born. 

1733. Georgia settled by General Oglethorpe. 

1744. King George's War. (Old French War.) 

1745. Louisbourg and Cape Breton taken By Colonel Pepperell. 
1752. Georgia becomes a royal province. 



94 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1756. Declaration of War between France and England. Seven Years' 
War. 

1758. Abercrombie repulsed at Ticonderoga. 
" Louisbourg captured by the English under General Amherst. 
" Fort Du Quesne taken by the English. 

1759. Wolfe defeats Montcalm at Quebec. Both are slain. 

1760. Canada surrenders to General Amherst. 

1761. Cherokee War. 

1763. Peace of Paris. France loses all her possessions in North 



1754. Washington surprises the French near Fort Du Quesne. 
" Congress at Albany. 

1755. Braddock's Defeat. 

1756. Declaration of War between France and England. Seven Ye* 

War. 

1758. Abercrombie repulsed at Ticonderoga. 
" Louisbourg captured by the English under General Amherst. 
" Fort Du Quesne taken by the English. 

1759. Wolfe defeats Montcalm at Quebec. Both are slain. 

1760. Canada surrenders to General Amherst. 

1761. Cherokee War. 

1763. Peace of Paris. France loses all her possessions in No 
America 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART II. 

PAGE 

1. Did the English profit by the discoveries of the Cabots? 29 

2. Give an account of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's attempts at colonization 29 

3. What efforts were made by Sir Walter Raleigh ? with what fortunes ? 29-30 

4. How was English colonization renewed after the forfeiture of Raleigh's 

patent? 31 

5. Give the history of Capt. John Smith, and of the colony at Jamestown till 

his departure 33 

6. What caused the abandonment and the resumption of the colony at James- 

town? 34-35-36 

7. What were the circumstances of Pocahontas's marriage ? and what benefit 

resulted from it ? 37 

8. What changes promoted the welfare of the Virginia colony ? 38 

9. How and when was African slavery introduced ? . 3S 

10. What terrible calamity befell the colony in 1622? 39 

11. What change in the government of Virginia after this massacre ? 39 

12. How was the royal government regarded by the Virginians? 39 

13. Under what circumstances did Opechancanough die ? 45 

14. What were the fortunes of Virginia under the English Commonwealth? 40 

15. Where were the first English attempts at exploration and settlement? 41 

16. Give an account of the settlement of New Plymouth 42 

17. When did the colony begin to advance ? 43 

18. What other grants had been made in New England ? 44 

19. How did the colony of Massachusetts Bay arise ? 44 

20. What dissensions arose? 45 

21. When was the "Body of Liberties 1 ' adopted ? What were its provisions ? 46 

22. What additional territory was acquired by Massachusetts ? and how was 

greater security obtained ? 46 

23. What intolerant measures were pursued? 46 

2t. What was the career of John Eliot of Roxbury ? , . 47 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART II. 95 



PAGE 

25. By whom, and under what circumstances, were Providence and Rhode Island 

settled ? 48 

26. What was the character of their government ? 48 

27. When was a charter obtained for them ? how was it altered ? and how long 

was the second charter in force ? 48 

28. How was Connecticut settled ? . 4S 

29. What Indian war broke out ? What were its incidents ? 49 

30. Who was Miantonomoh ? and what was his end ? 50 

31. When was anew charter obtained for Connecticut? — 51 

32. How was the colony of Maryland established ? 52 

33. What disturbances impeded its progress ? . . . 53 

34. How was universal toleration asserted, confirmed, and violated ? 53 

35. What was the consequence of this violation ? 53 

36. What was the condition of Maryland after the Restoration ? 53 

37. How was the royal government restored in Virginia ? 54 

38. How was discontent excited ? 54 

39. What was the legislation of the first Assembly after the Restoration ? 54 

40. How did the public dissatisfaction display itself ? , 55 

41. Give an account of Bacon, and of Bacon's Rebellion 55-56 

42. What was the character of Berkeley's proceedings after this rebellion ? 56 

43. What was the condition of Virginia after Berkeley's departure ? Under 

Nicholson? Under Spotswood? 56-57-58 

44. How did the great Indian W T ar commence in Virginia ? 59 

45. How was the temper of New England after the Restoration displayed? 59 

46. Give an account of King Philip's War ? 60-61-62 

47. How were the charters of New England lost ? How regained ? 62 

48. Relate the circumstances of King W T illiam's War 62 

49. Tell the story of " Salem Witchcraft'" 63-64 

50. What were the chief events of Queen Anne's War ? 64 

51. Recount the exploits of King George's War 65 

52. How were the French Acadians treated ? 66 

53. What was the government, of New York under the Duke of York ? 66 

54. How was New York lost and regained by the English ?. . 67 

55. What change was made in the constitution of New York ? Was it main- 

tained? 67 

56. What was the character and effect of Lord Cornbury's rule? 68 

57. What quarrel arose between Gov. Cosby and Rip Van Dam ? 68 

58. What proceedings took place at the Congress of Albany ? 69 

59. What was the early history of New Jersey under the English? 69-70 

60. Give an account of the settlement of Pennsylvania 71 

61. W T hat disputes between Penn and Lord Baltimore ? How were they settled ?. 73 

62. How did Delaware become a separate State? 73 

63. What efforts were made to settle Carolina ? 74 

64. What was the u Grand Model?" and its character? 75 

65. When were settlements in the Carolinas made ? 76 

66. What was the course of affairs under the first governors ? 76-77 

67. What dangers from the Spaniards ? and the Indians ? 77 

68. How was the prosperity of the Carolinas promoted ? 78-79 

69. By whom, and how, was Georgia settled? 79-80 

70. What hostilities arose ? How did they result ? 81 



96 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PAGE 

71. When did the prosperity of Georgia commence ? 82 

72. What was the character of the settlers of Georgia ? 82 

73. How had the territory of New France been extended ? 84 

74. Who were the explorers of the Mississippi ? 84 

75. Relate the settlement of Louisiana 84-85 

76. Were the colonies at peace after Kiug George's War? 85 

77. What events occurred in 1750? 85 

78. What change took place in 1757 ? r 86 

79. Recount the campaign of 1758 86-87 

80. Describe the campaign of 1759 88-89 

81. Narrate the siege and capture of Quebec. ... , . . 89-90 

82. How was the conquest of Canada completed ? 90 

83. Give an account of the Cherokee War 90 

84. What were the provisions and result of the treaty of peace ? 91 

85. Give the story of Pontiac's War 91-92 



PAET III. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE ESTABLISH- 
MENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1763-1789. 



CHAPTER I. 
The Prelude to the Revolution. — 1763-1775. 

Summary. — 1. Colonial discontent. 2. "Navigation Act' 1 and taxation. 3. At- 
tempts to enforce the laws in Massachusetts. 4. Interference with colonial 
enactments. 5. Character of Patrick Henry. 6. New taxes imposed. — Colonial 
resistance. 7. "Stamp Act" imposed. 8. "Declaration of Rights and Griev- 
ances," etc., prepared. 9. Repeal of the "Stamp Act." 10. Protests in Vir- 
ginia against English restrictions. — Troubles in Massachusetts. 1 1 . Proposition 
by Lord North to repeal the "duties." 12. Insurrection in North Carolina. 
13. Explorations by Daniel Boone. 14. Destruction of tea in Boston harbor. 
15. " Boston Port Bill" and other legislation opposed. 1 6. Meeting of " First 
Continental Congress." 17. War with England now imminent. 18. Indian 
hostilities on the western frontier. 19. Treaties with the Indians formed. 

1. When France was excluded by the Treaty of Paris 
from the continent of North America, her statesmen antici- 
pated an early revenge for the loss of dominion by the revolt 
of the English colonies. " England will long repent of having 
removed the only check that could keep the colonies in awe," 
said the chief of the French ministry. " She will call on 
them," said Vergennes (vair-zhen 1 ), who signed the Treaty 
of Versailles (ver-sdlz), which closed the Revolution — " she 
will call on them to contribute toward supporting the burdens 
they have helped to bring on her, and they will answer by 
shaking off all dependence." Edmund Burke discerned the 
coming storm, and warned his countrymen of " the danger 

1. What was expected to result from colonial resistance ? How did the colonists 
bear English laws and restrictions ? 

5 



98 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1761. 



of retaining Canada;" and the vague longings of the Ameri- 
cans for independence had long been recognized by sagacious 
observers. It was in the natural order of things that they 
should separate from the mother country and be free. All 
tendencies and all accidents bore them in that direction. 

2. The injuries and grievances of which the colonies com- 
plained are set forth in the Declaration of Independence (see 
Appendix) with a brief and precise particularity, well calcu- 
lated to stir the blood of the colonists, and to justify to the 
world all efforts for their redress. But the chief grounds of 
discontent, and the chief causes of the Revolution, were the 
enforcement of the Navigation Act and the attempt to raise 
a revenue from America by taxation. The late war had added 
upward of $300,000,000 to the national debt of England. 
Much of the expenditure had been on account of the Ameri- 
can colonies. It was accordingly resolved to ease the burden 
of the debt by imposing upon them a part of the annual taxes. 

3. The controversy in regard to the regulations of trade 
first assumed shape in Massachusetts, where they had long 
been evaded. The officers of the customs applied for " writs 
of assistance," which were granted by old and forgotten 
statutes. These writs were warrants authorizing a general 
search for smuggled goods, and the demand of such aid as 
might be required in making the search. The legality of the 
procedure was assailed by James Otis, a fervid and brilliant 
lawyer, who roused the indignation of the people by de- 
nouncing " a kind of power, which cost one king of England 
nis head, and another his throne" (1761). 

4. In Virginia deep resentment was excited by English 
orders, which set aside an Act of Assembly imposing a pro- 
hibitory duty on the importation of African slaves (1761) ; 
and also by the abrogation of an act fixing the value of 

2. In what arc the colonial grievances set forth? What were the chief grounds 
of discontent? 

3. Where did the regulation-of-trade controversy first assume shape ? Who op- 
posed these u writs of assistance ?" 

4. What caused resentment in Virginia? In what were the clergy paid? Who 
arraigned the policy of England ? In what " Case ?" 



1764.] 



THE PRELUDE TO THE REVOLUTION. 



99 



tobacco in contracts payable in that weed. The Anglican 
clergy of the province received a salary of 16,000 pounds of 
tobacco, and instituted suits for the difference between the 
market price and the statutory valuation of the commodity. 
Patrick Henry was employed in "the Parsons' case" (1763), 
and arraigned the policy and the practice of England. " A. 
king," said he, " who annuls or disallows laws of so salutary 
a nature, from being the father of his people, degenerates 
into a tyrant, and forfeits all right to obedience." Cries of 
"treason! treason!" arose from lawyers, magistrates, and 
audience. The law r was against him, but the feeling of the 
people and the sense of justice were against the law, and 
only one penny was awarded for damages. 

5. Patrick Henry was only tw r enty-seven years of age. His 
education was defective. He loved to brood alone in the 
woods. His communion was with nature and his own mind. 
He tried trade, and failed. He married young, and tried 
farming without success. He took up the profession of the 
law, after brief study, and remained obscure till he flashed 
into sudden renown by sounding to responsive hearts the note 
of approaching revolution. 

6. The determination to tax America was not shaken by 
such displays of popular discontent. It was connected with 
the design of keeping an army in the colonies, and at their 
expense. "The Sugar Act" was passed (1764), lowering 
the duties on sugar and molasses, but charging them also on 
coffee, and many other articles, for the avowed purpose of 
raising a revenue. The design of introducing a Stamp Act 
the next session, was also announced. These projects were 
received in America with a storm of indignation. Samuel 
Adams, of Boston, a man of education and ability, mature 
in years and in wisdom, proclaimed — " This annihilates our 



5. Describe Patrick Henry. 

6. What is said of the determination to tax America ? What other designs were 
formed ? How were they received ? What did Samuel Adams proclaim ? What be- 
came the maxims of the colonists ? 



100 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1765. 



charter right to govern and tax ourselves. We claim British 
rights, not by charter only; we are born to them." He 

invited the co-oper- 
ation of the other 
colonies. It soon be- 
came a maxim, that 
" Taxation without 
Representation is 
Tyranny ;" and this 
was completed by 
another : " Resist- 
ance to Tyrants is 
obedience to God." 

7. The Stamp Act 
was brought in and 
passed (1765). 
Stamps, varying in 
cost, were required 
for all legal docu- 
ments, for newspa- 
pers, pamphlets, and 

almanacs. The form of the tax was not objectionable; it had 
long been in vogue in England, and has recently become fa- 
miliar in the United States. But any tax imposed by the 
British Parliament was objected to as an invasion of colonial 
rights. Provision, too, had been made for sending troops to 
America, and for quartering them there. When intelligence 
of the passage of the bill reached Virginia, Patrick Henry 
introduced into the House of Burgesses resolutions declaring 
that " the General Assembly of the whole colony have, the 
sole right and power to lay taxes on the inhabitants of the 
colony." In his memorable speech on the occasion, he closed 
with the words, " Tarquin and Csesar had each his Brutus ; 




SAMUEL ADAMS. 



7. What Act was passed ? Why was it opposed ? What resolutions were intro- 
duced into the House of Burgesses of Virginia 2 With what words did Patrick 
Henry close his speech 't 



1766.] 



THE PRELUDE TO THE REVOLUTION. 



101 



Charles I. his Cromwell : and George III. — " " Treason !" 
cried the Speaker — " may profit by their example." The 
resolutions were adopted by a majority of one, but were re- 
peated by other colonies. 




PATRICK HENRY BEFORE THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES. 



8. In the autumn, delegates from nine colonies met in 
New York, on the suggestion of Massachusetts, and prepared 
a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, a petition to the 
king, and memorials to both Houses of Parliament. The 
distributors of stamps were compelled to resign their office, 
or were driven from the country. The merchants in the 
large cities resolved to stop all importations, but adhered to 
their resolution only in New York. At the beginning of the 
next year (1766), the Stamp Act was repealed by a new 



8. What was done in the autumn ? 



What at the beginning of the next year ? 



102 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1770. 



ministry, but the supreme authority of Parliament was re- 
asserted. Pitt declared that "the kingdom had no right to 
levy a tax on the colonies and said, " I rejoice that America 
has resisted." The liberties of England were indeed involved 
with the liberties of America. 

9. The repeal of the Stamp Act was received by the colonies 
with exultation and gratitude ; feelings which were soon 
crushed out by the harsh enforcement of subsisting laws, and 
by other offensive measures. After the Rockingham minis- 
try had been displaced, a bill was passed laying duties on 
tea, paper, glass, lead, etc. (1767). These proceedings re- 
vived and embittered opposition ; and increased opposition 
provoked sterner action on the part of the British govern- 
ment. Troops were sent to Boston (1768). Their arrival 
augmented the fermentation in the colonies, and rendered 
the controversy more hopeless. 

10. In Virginia the action of the British government was 
met with resolutions denying the right of taxation by Parlia- 
ment, and protesting against the trial of accused persons 
elsewhere than in the colony where the offence was commit- 
ted (1769). The Assembly was immediately dissolved by 
Lord Botetourt (bot'te-tot), the governor; but the members 
met at a private house, and adopted resolutions of non- 
importation proposed by George Washington. The action of 
the General Court of Massachusetts was equally decisive; 
but the resistance in that colony was marked with violence. 
Collisions took place with the soldiery, and, at length, a 
guard, provoked beyond endurance, fired into a crowd, kill- 
ing three persons and wounding one (5 March, 1770). "The 
Boston Massacre," as it was termed, infuriated the people. 
The withdrawal of the troops was demanded, and granted. 
The soldiers who had fired upon the people were tried, de- 



9. How did the colonies receive the repeal of the Stamp Act? What "Bill" was 
passed ? How did the colonists receive it? What did the British government send 
to Boston ? 

J 0. What protests were made ? What did Lord Botetourt do ? What the mem- 
bers of the Assembly? What is said of the action taken in Massachusetts? 



1772.] 



TEE PRELUDE TO THE REVOLUTION. 



103 



fended by John Adams and Josiah Quincy, two zealous 
leaders of the popular party, and all acquitted but two, who 
were found guilty of manslaughter, and subjected to a slight 
punishment. 

11. On the same day on which the "Boston Massacre" took 
place, Lord North, now prime-minister, moved the repeal of 
all the offensive duties except on tea, which was retained 
to assert the Parliamentary right of taxation in the colonies. 
The principle was nakedly asserted, and was resolutely op- 
posed. The controversy in Massachusetts was conducted 
with marked determination, and was inflamed by other con- 
tentions. The colony was put under martial law, prepara- 
tions were made for cancelling its charter, and salaries were 
fixed by royal ordinance (1772). 

12. While discord was thus spreading in New England, the 
arbitrary and rapacious proceedings of Governor Tryon and 
other officials had stirred up insurrection in North Carolina. 
The inhabitants of the interior counties formed themselves 
into voluntary associations to resist lawless exactions, and 
received the name of Regulators (1768). After three years of 
injustice, outrage, and oppression, Tryon marched against 
them, and defeated them on the Alamance river (1771). 
Savage executions and confiscations followed. The outlawed 
survivors fled beyond the mountains, and settled on the Wa- 
tauga and Nolichucky (no'li-tshuk'e) rivers, laying the foun- 
dations of the commonwealth of Tennessee, without law, 
without protection, and acknowledging no authority but their 
own. They had been preceded by a few others, among whom 
was Daniel Boone. 

13. During the progress of these troubles, Daniel Boone 
had left his home on the Yadkin river, to discover Kentucky 
(1769). He was captured by the Indians, but escaped. He 

1 1 . What did Lord North propose ? For what purpose was the tax on tea re- 
tained ? What was the result ? 

1 2. What events were taking place in Virginia ? 

13. What did Daniel Boone do ? By whom was he taken prisoner ? Give an ac- 
count of his proceedings. In what condition was the country at the time of Boone's 
death ? 



104 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1773. 



continued his wanderings ; reached the Ohio, and explored 
the Cumberland. After spending two years in the wilderness 

he returned home, 
sold his property, 
and moved with 
his own and other 
families to u the 
Dark and Bloody 
Ground." Indian 
hostilities detained 
them for several 
years in the valley 
of Clinch river, and 
he was employed 
by Dunmore in the 
Shawanee war. At 
its close he moved 
to the west bank of 
the Kentucky river, 
and built a fort, 

having previously purchased the land on the south shore of 
that stream from the Cherokees. Being subsequently dis- 
possessed of his land from the defect of his title, he penetrated 
the prairies of Missouri, and settled on the Little Osage river. 
He died at nearly ninety years of age (1820), having seen the 
whole wilderness over which he had roved formed into sov- 
ereign States of an independent and flourishing republic. 

14. The retention of the duty on tea had induced the 
renewal of the non-importation agreement; but it was now 
restricted to the single article on which the impost remained. 
No orders for tea were received from the offended colonies, 
and the warehouses of the East India Company groaned 
beneath the accumulating and unsalable load. To force 
sales, cargoes were sent to the American ports. At New York 




DANIEL BOONE. 



14. Give an account of the resistance to the duty on tea. 



PRELUDE TO THE REVOLUTION-. 



105 



and Philadelphia they were not permitted to be landed ; at 
Charleston they were stored in damp vaults, and destroyed; 
at Boston the vessels were boarded in the night by fifty per- 
sons, disguised as Mohawk Indians, and three hundred and 
forty chests were emptied into the sea (16 Dec., 1773). 

15. To punish this popular violence, the harbor of Boston 
was closed by "the Boston Port Bill," the trade was trans- 
ferred to Marblehead, and the seat of government to Salem 
(1774). Against this intemperate legislation the Virginia 
Assembly promptly protested, and were dissolved by Lord 
Dunmore, the new governor. They adjourned to the Raleigh 
Tavern, and in the ball-room, called "the Apollo," resolved 
that an attack on one colony was an attack on all, and 
urged a general congress for common measures of redress. 
Massachusetts adopted similar resolutions, and the congress 
was summoned 



15. What was done to punish the Bostonians ? Who protested against it ? Wha 
action was taken? 

1 6. Give an account of the proceedings of the " First Continental Congress." 



to meet at Phil- 
adelphia. 



16. The first 
Continental 
Congress met 
according to 
appointment (5 
Sept., 1 774). 
The delegates 
from eleven col- 
onies assembled 
in Carpenters 
Hall, and elected 
Peyton (pd'to?i) 
Randolph of 
Virginia their 
president. Wide 




carpenter's hall. 



106 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1774. 



differences were manifested in the body, but resolutions were 
adopted approving the action of Massachusetts, and pledging 
support. Congress adjourned till the following May, after 
making a Declaration of the Rights of the colonies, a petition 
to the throne, and addresses to the British people, the colo- 
nies, and the province of Quebec. 

17. War was already in prospect, and the rush of events 
rendered it inevitable. General Gage, who commanded at 
Boston, fortified Charlestown Neck, which connected the city 
with the mainland, and seized all the ammunition he could 
find. The citizens of Massachusetts embodied themselves 
in companies of minute-men. The legislature appointed a 
Committee of Safety, with John Hancock as president, and 
authorized them to call out the militia. A committee was 
also charged with the duty of procuring military stores, and 
Ward and Pomeroy (pum'roi) were commissioned as generals. 

18. While the colonies were thus drifting into civil war, 
Indian hostilities had broken out along the western frontier. 
They had been provoked by bloody outrages, but they threat- 
ened the whole border and filled it with dismay. To restore 
security, Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, organized 
an expedition against the savages ( 1 774). He led the north- 
ern force himself, reached Pittsburg, and renewed the 
treaty with the Delawares and the Six Nations, and proceeded 
to the Shawanee towns beyond, which were found deserted. 
The southern force was put under General Andrew Lewis, 
and assembled at the Great Levels of Greenbrier (Lewisburg). 
Thence Lewis marched down the valley of the Kanawha 
(kan-aw'wa). At the mouth of the river, Point Pleasant, he 
encountered the allied Indians under Cornstalk and his son 
Ellinipsico (ell' emp-si-co) (10 Oct.). Colonel Charles Lewis, 
the brother of the general, was killed at the first attack. 

17. What was inevitable? What did General Gage do? What the citizens? 
What the legislature ? What the Committee of Safety ? 

18. What was taking place on the western frontier? What did the Governor of 
Virginia do? What General Lewis ? How did the contest with the Indians termin- 
ate ? What was made with them ? What famous Indian chief sent a message to 
the council ? What did Di mmore receive ? 



1775.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



107 



The battle raged furiously from sunrise till noon, and from 
noon till sunset was continued with slackened activity. The 
Indians were routed with great slaughter, and the loss of the 
Virginians was very heavy. It was the bloodiest and most 
decisive of Indian battles. General Lewis advanced into 
the country beyond the Ohio to join Dunmore, but was 
ordered to return. A treaty was made with the Shawanees, 
restricting them to the north bank of the Ohio river, and 
making the western territory subject to Virginia. Logan, 
the Cayuga chief, was not present at the council, but sent an 
eloquent message, which has been preserved by Jefferson. 
The conduct of Dunmore was regarded with suspicion 
throughout the expedition, but he received the thanks of the 
Virginia Assembly for his successful campaign. 



CHAPTER II. 

The Revolution. —First Two Years of the War. — 

1775-6. 

Summary* — 1. Meeting of the Virginia Convention. — Speech of Patrick Henry. 
2. Colonies in a state of revolt. 3. Seizure of arms and military stores. — First 
skirmish. 4. Colonial independence desired. 5. Fort Ticondcroga taken.— 
Crown Point taken. 6. Assembling of second Continental Congress. — Wash- 
ington elected as commander-in-chief of the army. 7. Condition of continental 
forces. — Bunker Hill to be fortified. 8. British defence. — Battle between the 
English and the colonists. 9. March upon Canada. 10. Arnold's expedition. 
11. Surrender of Quebec demanded. 12. Events in Virginia. 13. Wash 
ington takes command. — Martial law declared. 14. Congress urges an attack.— 
Boston freed from British rule. 15. Success of the Americans. — Expedition 
against Charleston. 16. Attack upon Fort Sullivan. 17. Flag of South Car- 
olina shot down. 18. Independence of the colonies proposed. 19. Peace 
proposer!. 20. Active campaign commenced. 21. New York abandoned. 
22. Retreat through New Jersey. 23. Condition of the American army. 24. 
Success of the Americans in New Jersey. 25. Arnold's expedition a failure. 

1. The Virginia Convention met for the second time in the 
Old Church at Richmond (March, 1775). Patrick Henry, 



1. Where did the second Virginia Convention meet? What did Patrick Henry 
propose ? 



108 



HIST OB Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1775. 



with prompt resolution, proposed that "the colony be 
immediately put in a posture of defence." He exclaimed, 
" If we wish to be free, we must fight ; I repeat it, we must 
fight ! The war is inevitable, and let it come ! Let it come ! 
I know not what course others may take ; but, as for me, 
give me liberty, or give me death !" 

2. The war had, indeed, come. Massachusetts was pro- 
claimed to be in rebellion ; the several colonies, with the 
exception of New York, North Carolina, and Georgia, were 
excluded from the fisheries ; re-enforcements were ordered for 
the garrison at Boston ; and Parliament pledged all the 
powers of the realm for the reduction of America. 

3. A strong force was sent by General Gage from Boston to 
capture the arms and military stores collected by the patriots 
at Concord. Signals and messengers warned the country of 
its danger. At dawn a skirmish took place at Lexington. 
The stores at Concord had been removed or destroyed. 
After some fighting, Colonel Smith, the British commander, 
started homeward. Deadly shot fell from house, and tree, 
and bush, and fence, along the road ; and at Lexington the 
retreat nearly became a disorderly rout. Lord Percy 
brought one thousand men to protect the retiring column; 
but the pursuit and the slaughter continued to Charlestown. 
The British lost two hundred and seventy-three men, of 
whom sixty-five were slain; the American loss was eighty- 
eight. This was the first blood of the. Revolution (19 April, 
1775.) 

4. The skirmish at Lexington roused the country, and con- 
verted the claim for redress into a desire for independence. 
The militia of New England flocked to Boston, and soon 
formed a force of twenty thousand men. The arsenal at 
Charleston, South Carolina, was sacked, and the arms dis 

2. In what condition was Massachusetts and the other States ? 

3. For what purpose was a force sent from Boston ? What took place at Lexing- 
ton ? What did the British commander do ? Give an account of his return. 

4. What effect had the skirmish of Lexington upon the country? What did the 
militia do ? 



1775.] 



THE BEYOLVTION. 



109 



tributed to eager volunteers. Georgia joined the other colo- 
nies, and took the powder from the royal magazines. The 
people of Mecklenburg county, in North Carolina, abrogated 
all laws and commissions derived from King or Parliament, 
and virtually assumed independence (20 May, 1775). 

5. The legislature of Connecticut encouraged the capture 
of the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Ethan Allen 
and Benedict Arnold forced their way at sunrise into the 
former (10 May). Allen demanded its surrender "in the 
name of the Great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress !" 
The place was yielded. " What cost the British nation eight 
millions sterling was won in ten minutes by a few undis- 
ciplined men." Crown Point was taken two days later 
(12 May). 

6. On the day of the capture of Ticonderoga, the second 
Continental Congress came together. It took measures for 
the active prosecution of the war, voted an army of twenty 
thousand men, and the issue of Bills of Credit to the 
amount of three millions of dollars. On the motion of John 
Adams of Massachusetts, George Washington of Virginia 
was appointed commander-in-chief of the continental forces 
(15 June). He resigned his seat in Congress, and, at Cam- 
bridge, took command of the army before Boston (3 July.) 
He was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, and was 
now forty-three years of age. He was already regarded as 
the first man in America, and justified this estimation by his 
subsequent career. He commenced life as a surveyor, and 
was employed at a very early age by Lord Fairfax to survey 
the wild lands of his vast domain. His time was spent in the 
forest and the mountain. He became familiar with nature, 
with the Indians, with hardships, and with peril. His services 
against the French and the savages have been already no- 
ticed, aud also his prominence in the civil agitations which 



5. What did the legislature of Connecticut do ? How was Ticonderoga captured ? 

6. When did the second Continental Congress assemble ? What were some of its 
measures ? Who was proposed as commander-in-chief? Describe his character. 



110 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1775. 



preceded the revolution. His family and connections were 
highly distinguished ; and, in mature life, his fortune was 
ample. His estate was estimated in England, about this time, 
at half a million of dollars, a large property for those times. 
But his abilities and character were more distinguished than 
his blood ; and his heart was greater than his fortune. He 
was truthful, honest, and brave. Attached sincerely to Eng- 
land by many considerations, his attachment to Virginia and 
to his country was still stronger ; and in the darkest days of 
the Revolution he looked to the mountains of West Augusta 
as affording the last but sure hope of American independence. 
He accepted the necessity of war with resolution, though 
with profound regret. His temperament was cautious, his 
observation close and accurate; his judgment slow, but clear 
and decided; his disposition just, but sometimes stern ; his 
passions were held under severe restraint, and his manners 
were usually characterized by the harmonious union of gen- 
tleness and dignity. If he indulged ambition, it was strictly 
confined to legitimate objects ; and the charms of his home 
at Mount Vernon were never forgotten in the guidance of 
armies or the government of the Union. He was not dazzled 
by power nor tempted by a crown. No one of better bal- 
anced mind, of purer principle, of loftier purpose, of firmer 
or more unshaken resolution, could have been chosen to con- 
duct a struggling and often wayward people through the 
hazards, the perplexities, the jealousies, and the sore trials of 
the Revolution. 

7. In the motley crowd before Boston utter confusion 
reigned. It was a patriotic mob — hopeful, passioned, un- 
trained, and insufficiently supplied with arms, ammunition, 
and other stores. The garrison of the city had received ten 
thousand additional troops under Generals Howe, Clinton, and 
Burgoyne. With this increased force it was resolved to take 
and fortify Bunker's Hill, which commanded the town. To 



7. Give an account of the troops. What did Colonel Prescott do ? 



1775.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Ill 



anticipate the execution of this design, Colonel Prescott 
moved at night from Cambridge with one thousand men ; 
but, in the darkness, he mistook Breed's Hill, a lower and 
more exposed height, for Bunker's Hill, and intrenched him- 
self there. All night the men worked, and in the morning 
the British discovered the heights across the strait fortified, 
and in the hands of the enemy (17 June). 

8. It was necessary to drive the Americans from this posi- 
tion, or to abandon 
Boston. Gage sent 
twenty-five hundred 
men to dislodge them. 
They numbered about 
fifteen hundred men, 
for they had been 
joined by General 
Warren and General 
Putnam. A heavy fire 
was opened from the 
British batteries and 
ships, and Charles- 
town was burnt. The 
royal troops advanced 
steadily till they were 
near the works. They general warren. 

were received with a 

close and appalling fire, which mowed down their ranks, 
and sent them reeling back to the foot of the hill. A 
second assault was made ; a second time they were hurled 
back with horrid slaughter. Ulinton brought over one thou- 
sand fresh troops, and a third charge was made. The same 
resolution as before was displayed, but the ammunition was 
almost exhausted. A retreat was ordered. General Warren, 
who had waived his right to command, and had served as a 



8. vThat was it necessary to do ? Give an aceount of the battle of Breed's Hill 




112 



IIISTOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1775. 



private, was the last to leave. He was shot through the head 
and killed instantly. Of the Americans, one hundred and 
forty-five were slain and three hundred and four were wounded. 
The loss of the British in killed and wounded was one thou- 
sand and fifty-four. A monument has been raised to the 
memory of the patriots who fell in this battle. The corner- 
stone was laid by Lafayette (lah-fd-et') (17 June, 1825). 

9. The British plan for the subjugation of the refractory 
colonies seems to have been the seizure of the ports, the 
stoppage of trade, and hostilities from the west and from the 
north. To guard against the last danger, and to win to the 
American league the Canadians, who were supposed to be 
in sympathy with it, two small armies marched upon Canada. 
One was conducted down Lake Champlain by Richard Mont- 
gomery, an Irish officer; the other was led up the Kennebec 
river by Benedict Arnold, and was joined by Aaron Burr as 
a volunteer. Montgomery invested St. John's, and took it 
after a siege of fifty days. Montreal was evacuated, and 
fell into his hands (12 Nov.). Many of his followers went 
home, as their term of service had expired ; but with the 
eight hundred men that remained he proceeded against 
Quebec. 

10. Arnold was fond of adventure, singularly daring, 
agreeable in his address, but ambitious, greedy, and grasping. 
He pursued his difficult journey through the forests and 
swamps of Maine — through rains, and floods, and autumnal 
cold. The clothing of the men fell into rags, their shoes were 
worn out, their provisions exhausted. They ate their dogs 
and their moccasins. But Arnold pressed forward, and arrived 
before Quebec (14 Nov.). His demand for the surrender of 
the city was not received, and he retired up the St. Lawrence 
to wait orders from Montgomery. 



9. What was the British plan for colonial subjugation? What expeditions were 
made ? What was the success ? 

1 0. Describe Arnold,— his march to Canada. What did he demand ? What did 

he do next ? 



1775-6,] 



THE EEYOL TJTION. 



113 



11. When Montgomery appeared, the joint array of less 
than one thousand men advanced upon Quebec, and again 
demanded its surrender. The demand was disregarded ; and 
the storming of a city defended by two hundred guns was 
undertaken. Montgomery led the assault on the side of the 
St. Lawrence ; Arnold, the other, on the side of the St. 
Charles (31 Dec, 1775). Montgomery fell dead, as the first 
discharge of grape swept down his tottering column. Re- 
treat was unavoidable. Arnold's attack was equally disas- 
trous. He was himself disabled. There was no prospect of 
success, and the troops were withdrawn. The siege of 
Quebec, if siege it could be called, was continued till the 
approach of summer. 

12. Events of less moment, but indicative of the spirit of 
the people, transpired in Virginia. Lord Dunmore secretly 
removed the powder from the magazine at Williamsburg. 
Patrick Henry marched to reclaim it, but was stopped by 
receiving payment for the amount taken. On the occurrence 
of fresh disturbances, Dunmore removed to an armed vessel 
in York river, proclaimed martial law, and invited servants 
and slaves to join him. He attacked a colonial regiment at 
Great Bridge, and was repulsed with great loss. He burnt 
down the flourishing and populous town of Norfolk for 
refusing provisions to his crowd of bandits. He took refuge 
on an island in the Chesapeake Bay, but was dislodged by 
General Andrew Lewis (9 July, 1776). 

13. A fortnight after the battle of Bunker's Hill, General 
Washington took command of the army before Boston. It 
numbered about fourteen thousand five hundred men ; but 
formed little more than a warlike rabble. It was composed 
chiefly of raw volunteers— submissive to no authority, and 
without definite periods or terms of service. The worst vices 



1 1 . What did Montgomery do ? What attack was made ? Was it successful ? 

12. What events had occurred in Virginia ? 

13. Who took command of the army? What was its condition? What was 
Washington's first work ? What was continued around Boston ? What did the 
British government declare ? 



114 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1775-6.] 



incident to a camp prevailed almost without check. The 
first care of the commander-in-chief was to organize the 
army, to secure a permanent force, to train it, to provide 
arms, sustenance, and military stores. Till this was done, 
offensive movements were impracticable and defensive meas- 
ures uncertain. But the investment of Boston was con- 
tinued through the autumn and winter, and preparations 
were made on both sides for activity in the spring. The 
British government declared martial law throughout the 
united colonies, authorized the capture or destruction of 
their property at sea, and engaged the service of Hessian 
and other German mercenaries. 

14. As spring approached, the country became impatient 
of Washington's long inaction, and Congress urged an early 
attack upon the British, who had been re-enforced, and were 
now under the orders of General Howe. When all things 
were in readiness, a heavy cannonade was opened on the 
fortifications of Boston from the American batteries and 
redoubts. This was repeated three nights in succession 
(2, 3, 4 March). It was designed to distract attention from 
the principal operation. On the last night of the bombard- 
ment two thousand troops advanced in silence to take pos- 
session of Dorchester Heights, which commanded Boston on 
the south. The morning dawned, and the heights were for- 
tified and strongly held. Howe knew his danger, and ex- 
claimed, "I know not what I shall do." Boston could not 
be retained, and the fleet was unsafe in the harbor. The 
recapture of the heights was planned, but it was not 
attempted. Under an informal agreement with Washington, 
Howe evacuated the city, without being harassed in his em- 
barkation (17 March). He sailed to Halifax with his troops, 
and with the loyal refugees. An American force entered the 
town, and General Putnam took command. Boston was 
free, after having been more than seven years in the hands 



14. What occurred as spring approached? Describe the attack on Boston. How 
did it result ? What did Washington do ? 



1776.] 



TEE REVOLUTION. 



115 




GENERAL, PUTNAM. 



At Cape 



of the British soldiery. Washington, supposing Howe's des- 
tination to be New York, sent detachments of his army 
thither, and soon followed him- 
self. 

15. The Americans were ju- 
bilant over the result at Boston, 
and were soon cheered by a 
more surprising success in the 
South. Early in the winter 
General Clinton had sailed 
from Boston for Xew York 
(Jan.), but finding General 
Charles Lee already there to 
meet him, he had continued his 
voyage southward to co-operate 
with the royal governors of the southern colonies. 
Fear river he was > 
joined by Admiral ^mKmL 
Sir Peter Parker, 
with a fleet, and they 
proceeded together 
against Charleston. 
The city and its ap- 
proaches had been 
put in a state of de- 
fence by the decision 
and energy of John 
Rutledge, the presi- 
dent of South Caro- 
lina under its new r 
constitution — the 

first independent or- y f -^WWf 

conization anions: John rtjtledge. 




15. What caused the Americans to rejoice ? What occurred early in the Winter ? 
Who proceeded against Charleston ? In what condition was the city ? How was 
it defended ? 



116 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1776. 



the colonies. General Charles Lee, who had been following 
the movements of Clinton, arrived in time to take the chief 
command, and render no service. The main defence was a 
fort of palmetto logs, mounting thirty guns, built on Sulli- 
van's Island, at the entrance of the harbor, and under the 
command of Colonel William Moultrie (mootire). 

16. Clinton landed on Long Island (9 June) to take Fort 
Sullivan — afterward called Fort Moultrie — in the rear. Lea 
had proposed the abandonment of the fort, which he regarded 
as "a slaughter pen." Clinton's force of three thousand 
men could not pass over to Sullivan's Island, as the arm of 
the sea separating him from it was found to be unfordable. 




SERGEANT JASPER REPLACING THE FLAG ON FORT MOULTRIE. 



1 6. Who attacked Fort Sullivan ? What had Lee proposed ? State the progress 
of the siege. How long did the Carolina? remain peaceful ? 



17T6.] 



THE BEYOL VTIGN. 



117 



Nearly three weeks later (28 June) the fleet passed the bar, 
and threw a storm of shot and shell into the frail defence. 
Clinton attempted to cross the strait, but the guns of the fort 
covered his advance. He disembarked, and did nothing. 
Three frigates sent to act in concert with him were stranded. 
The cannonade continued for ten hours, but the balls sunk 
into the spongy palmetto logs, and did little damage. The 
ships that could get off dropped down the bay ; Clinton re- 
embarked ; and after some delay they sailed for iSTew York. 
For two years the Carolinas were unvisited by war. 

17. In the heat of this action the flag-staff was broken by 
a ball, and the flag of South Carolina fell over the parapet. 
William Jasper, a sergeant, leaped down in the midst of the 
fire from the ships, picked up the flag, regained the fort in 
safety, and raised it again on the ramparts. 

18. The convention of Virginia, assembled at Williams- 
burg to frame a new constitution, instructed their delegates 
in Congress " to propose to that body to declare the United 
Colonies free and independent States" (15 May). Accord- 
ingly, Richard Henry Lee, one of the 
delegates from Virginia, proposed in 
Congress : "That these United Colo- 
nies are, and of right ought to be, free 
and independent States." A com- 
mittee was appointed to draft a suit- 
able declaration. It was written by 
Thomas Jefferson, and slightly modi- 
fied by Benjamin Franklin and John 
Adams. It was reported to Congress 
on the day of the attack on Fort 
Moultrie (28 June), was adopted, 
and given to the world on the 4th of 

July, 1776. For two hours the "Liberty Bell" in the State 




LIBERTY BELL. 



1 7. Give an account of the falling of the flag of South Carolina. 

1 8 What instructions did the Virginia Convention °ive their delegates ? Who 
wrote the Declaration ? When was it reported to Congress ? When adopted ? 
What proclaimed it ? By whom signed ? 



118 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1776. 



House rung out clear and loud and with melodious tongue 
" to proclaim liberty throughout all the land to all the 

inhabitants 
thereof," ac- 
cording to the 
prophetic in- 
scription upon 
it. The Declar- 
ation was sign- 
ed by all the 
members of the 
Congress, and 
first on the list 
was the name 
of John Han- 
cock of Massa- 
chusetts, then 
president of 
the body, who 
had been ex- 
cluded from 
pardon by 

Gage's proclamation (1775). 

19. On the evacuation of Boston, General Howe did not 
proceed to New York, but to Halifax. He was appointed 
commander-in-chief in America, and was promised re-enforce- 
ments and a fleet under his brother, Lord Howe. The two 
brothers were charged with a commission to bring about a 
pacification with the revolted colonies. The negotiations 
were embarrassed by their refusal to acknowledge the military 
rank of Washington or the political existence of the Congress ; 
and were without result, as nothing less than independence 
would be accepted. 




JOHN HANCOCK. 



19. Whither did General Howe proceed ? With what were he and his brother 

commissioned ? How did it result ? 



1776.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



119 



20. General Howe sailed from Halifax, and landed on 
Staten (stat'en) Island (28 June). In a few days he was 
joined by his brother, the Admiral. After the vain attempt 
at conciliation, an active campaign was commenced. Ten 
thousand men and forty cannon were transported to Long 
Island, to expel the Americans who were camped there, 
under General Sullivan. The British advanced in three di- 
visions ; two were employed to engage the Americans, and 
hold them in check, while Clinton, accompanied by General 
Howe, made a circuitous movement with the third, to take 
them in the rear. The plan was successfully executed (27 
August). The Continental army was driven back upon 
Brooklyn with great loss. Generals Sullivan and Sterling were 
captured, and more than fifteen hundred of the vanquished 
were killed or taken prisoners. At midnight, on the second 
day after the battle of Long Island, the army was silently 
withdrawn by Washington, who had arrived during the fight, 
but too late to retrieve the disaster. 

21. After this defeat, Washington, with his force dis- 
organized, and thinned by desertion, was compelled to 
abandon the city of New York to the invaders, who com- 
manded with their fleet the harbor and the navigable rivers 
on both sides. He encamped with the main body on Harlem 
Heights, leaving Putnam to retain possession of the city till 
the last moment. The advance of Howe compelled the 
evacuation of Manhattan Island, but a garrison was left in 
Fort Washington, on the east bank of the Hudson. Fort 
Lee, on the opposite side, was held by General Greene. A 
sharp attack was made on the Americans at White Plains 
(28 Oct.), and they were driven from the field. Washington 
withdrew to a still stronger position in the rear, where the 
British hesitated to attack him, and whence he moved to 



20. Whither did General Howe proceed ? What was commenced? Give an ac- 
count of the campaign ? 

2 1 . What did Washington do ? What compelled the evacuation of Manhattan 
Island ? 



120 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1776. 



New Jersey, to prevent a hostile advance upon Philadelphia, 
leaving General Lee and the New England regiments, whose 
term of service was nearly completed. 

22. Soon after General Washington had crossed to the 
west bank of the Hudson, Fort Washington was captured 
(16 Nov.). Cornwallis passed the river with a strong 
detachment. Fort Lee was abandoned, and the Americans, 
numbering only four thousand, retired behind the Hacken- 
sack, with the loss of artillery and stores. As Cornwallis 
advanced they passed the Passaic (pas-a'ik) to Newark — 
retreated thence across the Raritan (r&r'i~tan) to New 
Brunswick; thence to Princeton ; thence to Trenton, where 
the ragged and exhausted remnant crossed the Delaware 
(8 Dec). Cornwallis was unable to pursue, as all the boats 
were removed to the further shore, and as Howe deemed it 
hazardous to advance till the river became passable on the 
ice. The British troops were accordingly placed in canton- 
ments alono; the course of the stream. During: the sad and 
stubborn retreat through the Jerseys, General Charles Lee 
had been ordered to join the retiring army with the forces 
under his orders. He moved slowly and with hesitation : 
two regiments from New Jersey dispersed, as their term of 
service was nearly ended. Lee himself was surprised and 
captured. He was at first held as a deserter from the British 
army, but was ultimately exchanged. 

23. On the approach of Cornwallis the Congress adjourned 
in alarm from Philadelphia to Baltimore (12 Dec). But 
Howe had divided his forces and sent Clinton and the fleet 
of Admiral Parker against Newport (Rhode Island), which 
was easily taken (8 Dec). The prospect was gloomy in the 
extreme. Friends and enemies dreaded or hoped an early 
close of the war. Nearly seventy-five thousand Americans 



22. What now occurred ? Describe the retreat and pursuit. 

23. What did Congress do as Cornwallis approached? What was the condition 
of the American army ? What did Washington meditate ? What was done on 
Christmas night? Give an account of the expedition. 



1776.J 



THE REVOLUTION. 



121 



had been in arms during the year; now there were only a 
few scattering bands, dispirited, worn out, and destitute. 
Counsels were divided, and jealousies were rife; nor was 
treachery wanting. Washington did not despair. He medi- 
tated a bold stroke to reanimate his countrymen, and to 
inspire fresh vigor into their measures. On Christmas night 
he crossed the Delaware with twenty-four hundred men to 
surprise the Hessians, carousing at Trenton with thoughtless 
revelry. The night was tempestuous ; the strong current 
and the floating ice rendered the passage of the river alarm- 
ing; the snow was falling, and it was four o'clock in the 
morning before the troops were marshalled on the New 
Jersey shore. A furious storm of sleet and wind assailed 
them as they commenced their nine miles' march. Sullivan 
reported the arms of his men to be wet "Then use the 
bayonet," answered Washington, " for the town must be 
taken, and I am resolved to take it." Daylight came before 
the attack began, but the Hessians were completely surprised 
and overpowered. In half an hour Colonel Rail, their com- 
mander, was slain : all the stores and nine hundred and 
forty-six prisoners were taken; only one hundred and sixty- 
two escaped. Not a man was lost by the Americans. Wash- 
ington repassed the Delaware at once with his prisoners, 
who had been allured to the service by the promise of the 
plunder of the rebellious colonies. 

24. This bold and brilliant success revived hope and 
inspired resolution. At the same time Congress, yielding to 
Washington's strong representations, provided for a perma- 
nent army, and gave him for six months the power to remove 
and appoint all officers below the grade of brigadier. To 
profit by the late victory and the alarm of the British, he 
returned to the Jerseys, and re-occupied Trenton (30-31 Dec). 
But his difficulties were almost insurmountable. The army 
funds and the credit of the Congress were both exhausted, 



24. What effect had this victory? What did Congress do? What did Washing 
toi. ? What is said of the difficulties ? 



122 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1776. 



and means for immediate expenses were obtained only by the 
pledge of their private fortune by Washington and other 
officers, and by the liberality and active exertions of Robert 
Morris. 

25. On the retreat of the invading army from Canada, 
Arnold had been directed to oppose the British advance up 
Lake Champlain. With a flotilla hastily constructed, he 
encountered the British fleet (6 Oct.). One of his vessels 
was taken, another sunk. The rest sailed up the lake at 
night, but were overtaken. The foremost reached Ticon- 
deroga, the rear one was captured ; the rest were run ashore 
by Arnold and burnt. The British thus recovered possession 
of the lake. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Revolution (continued) —Transactions of 1777 
and 1778. 

Summary.— Cornwallis' advance.— Washington's escape. 2. Connecticut ravaged. 
3. Commissioners appointed to negotiate with France. 4. American flag 
adopted. 5. Invasion from Canada. 6. Indian atrocities. 7. Burgoyne's 
march. 8. Fort Schuyler besieged. 9. Burgoyne's defeat. 10. Philadelphia 
threatened. 11. Surprise of the enemy by Washington. 12. Enactments by 
Congress. 13. Winter at Valley Forge. 14. Distrust of Washington. 15. 
Treaty with France. 1 6. Spirits of the colonists revived. 1 7. Congress refuses 
conciliatory resolutions. 18. Philadelphia evacuated by the British. — Battle of 
Monmouth. 19. Arrival of a fleet under Count D'Estaing. 20. Attack in the 
Wyoming Valley and Cherry Valley. 21. Conquest of western territory. 22. 
Territory lost by the English.— Savannah occupied by British forces.— Georgia 
falls into their hands. 

1. Gloomy forebodings ushered in the new year, despite of 
the recent success. Washington was at Trenton, where he 
gathered five thousand men, for the most part raw and ineffi- 
cient. Cornwallis advanced to drive him again over the 
Delaware ; but he withdrew from Trenton, and stationed 

25. What had Arnold been directed to do? Was he successful? What did the 
British recove > 

1. What ushered in the new year ? What did Washington do ? What, Cornwal- 
lis? Give an account of the surprise of the enemy by Washington. 



1777.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



123 



himself behind the Assanpink river. Night was at hand, 
and the British waited for morning to attempt the passage. 
Keeping up the camp-fires to deceive the enemy, Washington 
hastened in the night against a detachment left at Princeton; 
reached the town about sunrise, fell suddenly upon the regi- 
ments there, and routed them (3 Jan.) ; but General Mercer, 
one of his best officers, was slain. The abandoned camp in 
front, and the cannonade in the distance, first revealed to 
Cornwallis the escape of his prey. He hurried in pursuit, 
but was too late. Washington withdrew to Morristown and 
the neighboring highlands, and employed the next months 
in recruiting and organizing his army. 

2. The British frittered away their resources in desultory or 
disconnected enterprises. Tryon, late governor of New York, 
destroyed the stores collected at Dan bury, and ravaged Con- 
necticut (April), but 
suffered severely from 
the militia on his re- 
turn. Not long after, 
twelve British ves- 
sels and large supplies 
were burnt at Sag 
Harbor ; and further 
revenge w T as obtained 
by the surprise and 
capture at Newport 
of General Prescott, 
who was afterward 
exchanged for General 
Charles Lee. 

3. Soon after the 
Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, Benjamin 
Franklin, and two 




2. How did the British spend their resources ? What occurred in Connecticut ? 
What was done at Sag Harbor, and Newport ? 



124 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LI 777. 



other commissioners bad been appointed by Congress to ne- 
gotiate an alliance with France, and to provide for urgent 
wants of the colonies. They were not officially recognized, 
but received much encouragement and pecuniary aid, and 
were enabled to transmit arms, powder, clothing, and other 
supplies. They were beset, as Congress had been, with appli- 
cations for employment in America. The young Marquis de 
la Fayette tendered his sword. His departure was opposed 
by his family, his sovereign, and the British minister. He 
purchased a vessel; landed at Charleston; was coolly re- 
ceived by Congress, and warmly by Washington. He soon 
won the regards of the American people. He was attended 
by Baron de Kalb, and several other officers. Count 

Pulaski (pu-las'ke) 
joined the colonists 
at this time, having 
been outlawed in his 
own country for his 
prominent share in the 
Polish insurrections. 
Another Pole, who 
achieved higher emi- 
nence— Thaddeus Kos- 
ciusko (thad 'de-us kos- 
si-us f ko) — had been 
driven to America in 
the previous autumn 
by disappointed love. 
Late in the next year 
came Baron Steuben 
(slu'ben), a Prussian officer, who had won distinction in the 
wars of Frederick the Great, and who rendered signal aid in 
reorganizing the American army, and in introducing uniform 
drill and tactics. 




KOSCIUSKO. 



3. For what had commissioners been appointed ? What did they receive ? What, 
is said of La Fayette ? What other foreigners joined the army ? 



1777.] 



THE BEVOLUTION. 



125 



4. During the summer, a flag, consisting of thirteen white 
stars on a blue field, with a fly of thirteen alternate stripes 
of red and white, which had been for some time used in the 
camp, was adopted by Congress as the standard of the Thir- 
teen United Colonies. 

5. An invasion from Canada, supported by a movement up 
the Hudson from New York, was the characteristic feature 
of the British campaign for the year. Sir John Burgoyne 
was charged with the execution of the chief part of this 
project. Reaching Quebec early in the year, he collected seven 
thousand men at St. John's, near Lake Champlain (1 June), 
and, by the express orders of his government, invited and 
received the aid of the Indians. He feasted the savages at 
the Bouquet (boo-ka') river, and inflamed their wild passions 
by an harangue. He proceeded up the lake to Crown Point, 
and to Ticonderoga, which was held by St. Clair {sink' lev) 
and a strong garrison. St. Clair made a sudden retreat to 
Fort Edward, which was abandoned in turn, and the Ameri- 
cans were forced back to the Mohawk river. Much com- 
plaint was made of the incapacity of General Philip Schuyler, 
who held the chief command. 

6. The atrocities of the Indian allies of Burgoyne excited 
horror and rage, but the deepest indignation was roused by 
the fate of Jenny McCrea (mac-ra'), a young girl affianced 
to an officer in the advancing army. Half a mile from Fort 
Edward she was tomahawked and scalped, for the sake of 
the bounty offered for scalps taken from the dead (27 July). 

7. Burgoyne's difficulties began when he reached the head 
of Lake Champlain. The march was through the woods, 
which were obstructed. Supplies failed, and could scarcely 
be procured. A strong party, detached under Colonel Baum 



4. What was done during this summer? 

o. What characterized the British campaign of this year? Who was the leader? 
Who aided him ? What places were abandoned by the Americans ? 

6. What did the Indian atrocities excite ? Give an account of the fate of Jenny 
McCrea. 

7. When did Burgoyne's difficulties commence ? Describe the march. Who de 
feaied Baum ? What did Stark say as the enemy approached ? 



126 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1777. 




(bowm) to seize the stores at Bennington, was defeated by 
Colonel Stark with the militia (16 Aug.). " See," said Stark, 

as the enemy appeared, " the 



red-coats are coming. We must 
beat to-day, or Molly Stark's 
a widow." A force hastening 
to the support of Baum was 
likewise routed. A few days 
later General Schuyler was su- 
perseded hj General Horatio 
Gates, an officer of greater 
pretensions, and no more 
ability. 

8. Burgoyne had directed 
St. Leger (sil'in-jer) to join 
him on the Hudson, after 
sweeping the Mohawk Valley, 
with his own troops and the Indians of many tribes, collected 
from Canada and the northern border of New York, under 
the command of Brant. On his way he w T as detained at 
Fort Schuyler (Home), which he besieged. General Herk- 
imer, speeding to its relief, fell into an ambush at Oriskany 
(p-ris'kanre)i was defeated, and mortally wounded. But 
General Arnold, by a stratagem, struck panic into the Indian 
assailants, and put the whole force to sudden flight. Thus 
the right wing of the British was crippled and exposed, as 
its left had been at Bennington. 

9. Burgoyne's force was now reduced to six thousand 
weary men. Re-enforcements were pouring into the adverse 
camp, and Washington had sent thither some of his best 
officers — Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan. Burgoyne's instruc- 
tions seemed to prohibit retreat ; and he moved with little 



GENERAL BURGOYNE. 



8. What directions had Burgoyne given ? Under whom had the Indians collected? 
State the result of the conflict. 

9. What is said of Burgoyne's force? How were the Americans re-enforced? 
What was the result of the first skirmish? Who was at length defeated? Give an 
account of it. 



1777.] 



THE REVOLUTION 



127 



hope against the Americans. He first encountered them at 
Bemis's Heights, near Stillwater (19 Sept.). A skrimish be- 
gan, and grew into a general and bloody fight. The Ameri- 
cans withdrew at nightfall to their camp, the British biv- 
ouacked on the field ; but their condition was desperate. A 
second and more disastrous battle was fought nearly three 
weeks later on the same ground (7 Oct.). No help came 
from Clinton, who was at length in motion, but too late. 
Burgoyne could only 
retreat. He encamp- 
ed near Saratoga, in 
an exposed situation. 
His boats and provis- 
ions were taken. He 
had only scant rations 
for five days; and 
he was surrounded. 
Hopeless of relief, or 
escape, or resistance, W 
he surrendered the 
remains of his army 
to General Gates (17 
Oct.), stipulating that 
it should be sent to 
England. The terms 
of the convention 
were unsatisfactory 
to Congress, and were 

not carried out ; but Burgoyne was permitted to return home 
on parole. 

10. The surrender of Burgoyne, and the utter failure of 
the great enterprise of the year, turned the fortunes of the 
war, and secured the support of France. But this great 

10. What turned the fortunes of war? What occurred about midsummer? 
What point was assailed ? What did Washing! on do ? By whom was he attacked ? 
What induced Washington to retire from Philadelphia ? What events took place 
two months later ? 




GENERAL GATES. 



128 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1777. 



success was counterbalanced by misfortunes elsewhere. 
About midsummer, General Howe, now Sir William, who 
had been confronting the Americans, drew off his forces from 
New Jersey for the purpose of assailing Philadelphia on the 
other side. He embarked nearly twenty thousand men on 
three hundred ships, and sailed for the Delaware; but hear- 
ing that the river was obstructed, passed round to the Ches- 
apeake, and landed at its head. As soon as the British 
movement was disclosed, Washington hastened to the neigh- 
borhood of Philadelphia, receiving there the young 
Lafayette, and other foreign officers. He stationed his arrny 
at Wilmington ; and, as Howe approached, retired behind 
the Brandywine, a small and fordable stream. Here he was 
attacked by the superior numbers of the British, and driven 
back with the loss of one thousand two hundred men (11 
Sept.). Lafayette was severely wounded. A serious disaster 
experienced by General Wayne at Paoli (pd-o'le), and a 
menace to the stores at Reading (red'ding), induced Wash- 
ington to retire from Philadelphia, which was occupied by 
Sir William Howe (26 Sept.). About two months later (18 
Nov. ) the latter was joined by the fleet under Lord Howe, 
the obstruction in the river having been removed, and Forts 
Mifflin and Mercer abandoned, after separately enduring 
furious assaults. In the attempt to storm Fort Mercer (Red 
Bank), Count Donop, the Hessian commander, was slain 
(22 Oct.). 

11. But before the navigation of the Delaware was thus 
reopened, Washington had tried to repeat the manoeuvre 
which had been attended with such brilliant success at 
Trenton and at Princeton. On the occupation of the city, 
Howe had formed his main camp at Germantown. This was 
weakened by detachments to convoy provisions, and to aid 
in clearing the Delaware. While its numbers were thus 



1 1 . What did Washington attempt to repeat ? Where was Howe stationed ? 
How was his force weakened? What movement did Washington make ? Give an 
account of it. What occurred after the defeat? 



1777.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



129 



diminished, Washington moved against it by night, crossed 
the Schuylkill, reached German town at sunrise, and com- 
pletely surprised the enemy. But there was a heavy fog ; 
the ground was unfavorable ; the attacking columns became 
entangled and were thrown into confusion ; the British 
rallied ; dismay seized the Americans ; their ammunition was 
exhausted ; and the expected victory was changed into a 
sanguinary repulse (4 Oct.). The killed and captured 
amounted to a thousand. After this serious check Wash- 
ington retired to Whitemarsh, and then into winter-quarters 
at Valley Forge (11 Dec), where he was near bis stores at 
Reading, and protected the Congress, which was now assem- 
bled at York. 

12. While these military operations w r ere in progress, the 
Congress had not been idle. It created a new Committee of 
War, with Gates as its president ; adopted ineifectual measures 
to arrest the depreciation of the continental currency, which 
had already sunk to one-fourth of its nominal value; imposed 
contributions on the several colonies ; recommended a maxi- 
mum valuation of products ; authorized impressment at such 
prices, or seizure ; passed laws against extortioners and those 
who declined to sell at these prices, or refused congressional 
paper; and took other strong measures with little or no effect, 
because they proceeded from mistaken principles. Much 
more important was the adoption of Articles of Confederation 
for the government of the country. The conflicting interests, 
the opposing view T s, the jealousies, and the antagonisms of 
the different colonies were fully exhibited ' in the long and 
anxious discussion on this subject. But impending dangers 
necessitated present agreement, and the Articles were sub- 
mitted to the several colonies for their acceptance, which 
they did not receive till 1781, w r hen they became the law of 
the land. 



12. What were the proceedings of Congress during these military operations? 
What Articles were adopted ? What did ihey become in 1781 ? 

6* 



130 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1777. 



13. The winter at Valley Forge has been regarded as the 
gloomiest period of the revolutionary struggle. The army 
was not in a condition to keep the field, had the season per- 
mitted it. Eleven thousand soldiers were sheltered in log 
huts, rudely built, and arranged in regular streets — but they 
were in great destitution. Their recent marches had been 
traced by their bleeding feet. More than a quarter of the 
number were reported as unfit for duty, from being " bare- 
foot, and otherwise naked." Blankets were wanting, and 
men often spent the long, cold nights round the fire, for 
want of covering in sleep, or straw to keep them off the 
frozen or muddy ground. Provisions were deficient, and 
diseases prevailed frightfully, with the other accompaniments 
of dirt and wretchedness. Greater and longer sufferings 
have been borne with less complaint, or admiration ; but to 
the previously well-fed colonists these privations and afflic- 
tions, in the midst of Pennsylvanian plenty, appeared to 
surpass human endurance. 

14. While sustaining the spirits of his men in these trials, 
and in the sorer trial of inaction, Washington was himself 
exposed to all the mortifications that malevolence or jealousy 
could suggest, or ignorance inflict. I lis abilities were 
questioned; want of energy, and favoritism were alleged 
against him ; his officers resigned, while others intrigued for 
his removal from the chief command. Conway, one of those 
most hostile to him, was made inspector-general, but soon 
surrendered the post, which was bestowed, at Washington's 
request, on Baron Steuben, whose prudence and knowledge 
restored the efficiency of the troops. 

15. The news of Burgoyne's surrender produced a pro- 
found impression in Europe. The American commissioners 

1 3. What is said of the winter at Valley Forge ? Describe the condition of the 
array. 

14. What is said of Washington ? Who was made inspector-general ? By whom 

succeeded ? 

1 5. What effect had the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender ? What did France state 
to the American commissioners? Who secured a favorable treaty? What did it 
embrace ? How did the British government regard it ? What notice was taken in 
England of it ? 



1778.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



131 



to France were informed that proposals for an alliance would 
be received. The discretion and sagacity of Franklin secured 
a favorable treaty 
"for the effectual 
maintaining of thf 
liberty, sovereign- 
ty, and independ- 
ence of the Thir- 
teen United States 
of America, as well 
in matters of gov- 
ernment as of com- 
merce" (6 Feb., 
1778). The com- 
munication of this \ 
treaty to the Brit- 
i s h government 
was construed as 
a declaration of 
hostilities. Lord 
North was anx- 
ious to resign, and 
to give place to 
Chatham ; but the 

personal feelings and solicitations of the king induced him 
to remain in office, and continue a war which he condemned 
and despaired of. It had been previously determined, on his 
motion, to send commissioners to America to seek reconcilia- 
tion, and to concede everything but independence. The 
Duke of Richmond virtually proposed to recognize even in- 
dependence as secured. Chatham denounced this last con- 
cession. Old, feeble, and sick, but artistically heightening 
all signs of infirmity, he rose with difficulty, and, supported 
by his crutches, and his son and son-in-law, said, " I am old 
and infirm ; I have one foot, more than one foot in the grave 
then, his voice rising to its former sweetness and compass, lie 




BARON STEUBEN. 



132 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1778. 



proceeded : "I rejoice that the grave has not closed upon me; 
that I am still alive to lift my voice against the dismember- 
ment of this ancient and most noble monarchy. Let us at 
least make one effort, and, if we must fall, let us fall like men." 
When he tried to rise again, and reply to the Duke of Rich- 
mond, he fell back in a swoon, and was borne from the hall 
(7 April). He died about a month afterward, in the seven- 
tieth year of his age (11 May), and was honored with burial 
and a monument in Westminster Abbey, at the public ex- 
pense. George III. was relieved of an imperious subject 
whom he feared and hated : the colonies lamented one who 
had been early and long their friend. 

16. As these tid- 
ings broke upon 
America, they re- 
vived the spirits 
of the people, re- 
newed the resolu- 
tion of the Con- 
gress, and cheered 
the hearts of the 
soldiers who had 
spent the dreary 
winter at Valley 
Forge. Sir Wil- 
liam Howe had 
tendered his resig- 
nation, and was re- 
called. Sir Henry 
Clinton succeeded 
sir henry clinton. him in command, 

and recognized 

the necessity of abandoning Philadelphia, as a French fleet, 

1 6. How did it affect the Americans ? What had Sir W T illiara Howe done ? Who 
succeeded him ? What did he think it necessary to do ? Why? What did he ftt- 
\ empt ? How did he succeed ? 




1778.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



133 



acting in concert with a blockading force by land, might cut 
him off from supplies and from escape. Before the retreat 
was ordered, he made a dash to intercept Lafayette with a 
detachment at Barren Hill (20 May), but was frustrated in 
his design. 

17. The Earl of Carlisle (car-liU'\ and the other commis- 
sioners under Lord North's conciliatory resolutions, were not 
received by Congress. Little attention was paid to their 
proposals. Independence had been assumed, and, with the 
aid of France, might be gained. Moreover, it was a condi- 
tion of the late treaty that the colonies should never renew 
their allegiance to the British crown. 

18. When Sir Henry Clinton took command of the British 
army he prepared to abandon Philadelphia, and the evacua- 
tion was effected as soon as the indisposition of Congress to 
negotiate became manifest (18 June). The greater part of 
the baggage and stores was sent round by sea. The array, 
ten or twelve thousand strong, crossed the Delaware, and 
moved through the Jerseys toward New York. Their march 
was slow and encumbered. Washington moved out from 
Valley Forge with a force nearly equal in number; crossed 
the river a few days later than Clinton, and hastened in pur- 
suit. The retiring enemy were overtaken near Monmouth 
Court-House (28 June). General Charles Lee, with the van 
of the American army, was directed to make an immediate 
attack, unless there were strong reasons for not doing so, and 
was promised prompt support. An engagement commenced 
with spirit; but the bold attitude of the British regulars, the 
disadvantageous character of the ground, the unsatisfactory 
movements of the command, and want of confidence in his 
own troops, induced Lee to withdraw and wait for the junc- 
tion of the main body. Cornwallis pressed vigorously on the 



17. Did Congress accept the proposals for conciliation? What had been as- 
sumed ? What was one of the conditions of the late treaty ? 

18. When did the evacuation of Philadelphia take place ? Describe their march. 
Who pursued them? What was done at Monmouth ? Describe the engagement. 



134 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1778. 



retreating' lines and threw them into great disorder. At this 
crisis Washington rode up and harshly accosted Lee. He 
rearranged the discomfited troops, formed the main army in 
battle array, and renewed the fight. The British were driven 
back; but night was approaching, and the soldiers were much 
exhausted by the action and by the excessive hea f . Lee's 
men had been under fire nearly all day; he himself had dis- 
played great skill and gallantry after their flight was arrested. 
Washington purposed renewing the battle in the morning, 
but the British had decamped during the night. They 
reached a secure position at the high grounds of Neversink, 
having lost two thousand men by casualties and desertion in 
traversing New Jersey. 

19. A few days after Clinton's army had been transported 
to New York on Lord Howe's vessels, the French admiral, 
Count D'Estaing (des-tang 1 ), appeared off the Delaware 
with twelve ships of the line and four frigates (6 July). An 
attack on New York by sea and land was contemplated; but 
being found impracticable, D'Estaing sailed against Newport, 
in Rhode Island, while Greene and Lafayette led ten thousand 
troops to act in concert with him. D'Estaing moved off to 
encounter the squadron under Lord Howe, which had come 
in sight (10 Aug.), but the two fleets were separated by a 
violent tempest, without a decisive action. The French ves- 
sels were much injured by the storm, and went to Boston 
for repairs. Sullivan raised the siege, repulsed an attack of 
the British near Quaker Hill (29 Aug.), and withdrew the 
day before Clinton landed with a re-enforcement of four thou- 
sand men from New York. 

20. Beautiful and rich are the valleys along the bright, 
clear mountain streams of Pennsylvania, and amongst the 
fairest is the Vale of Wyoming (wy-o f ming), consecrated by 

1 9. Who appeared off the Delaware ? Against what city did he sail ? What pre- 
vented a naval battle ? What was done with the French vessels? Who repulsed 
the British, and where ? 

20. Describe Wyoming Valley. Who attacked it ? Give an account of the Wyo- 
ming massacre. Who destroyed Unadilla ? What was attacked in retaliation ? 



1778.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



135 




tradition and by song. But its secluded beauties were crim- 
soned with blood and blackened with fire in the summer 
which saw Howe retiring from 
Philadelphia. The Indians and 
Tories did not remain quiet after 
the failure of Burgoyne. In the 
ensuing year, Colonel John But- 
ler led a strong party, composed 
principally of the Senecas, into 
the Valley of Wyoming, which 
lay west of the Blue Mountains 
on both sides of the Susquehan- 
na River. They routed the pro- • 
miscuous force which attempted fa 
to oppose them (4th July), pur- |j 
sued the fugitives to Fort Wyo- ,jg 
ming, near Wilkesbarre, and 23§ 
massacred the captives after 
surrender. Men, women, and 
children were butchered and 

scalped ; houses were plundered and burnt ; and those of the 
terrified population who escaped bore the tale of terror to the 
Hudson and Connecticut, rousing the desire for revenge. A 
force from Schoharie (sko-kar're) destroyed Unadilla, a vil- 
lage inhabited by Indians and loyalists; and John Brant and 
the Mohawks, with the younger Butler, retaliated by sur- 
prising and ravaging the fort and settlement in Cherry Val- 
ley (10 November). The horrors of Wyoming were re- 
peated. 

21. The Indians in the Northwest had been stimulated 
by the British governor of Detroit to assail the borders of 
Virginia and Pennsylvania. Congress designed an expedi- 
tion to that quarter, but was anticipated by George Rogers 




WYOMING MONUMENT. 



21. To what had the Indians been stimulated by the British governor ? What 
had Congress designed ? Who anticipated it ? Whither did he proceed ? What 
occurred in the beginning of winter ? What is said of the Northwest ? 



136 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1778. 



Clarke, acting under the authority of Virginia. He pro- 
ceeded down the Ohio with a band of enlisted men and 
Kentucky volunteers, marched against Kaskaskia, took it, 
also Cahokia and some other posts. In the beginning of 
winter, Hamilton appeared before Vincennes, which was sur- 
rendered, after favorable terms had been enforced for the 
garrison — of two men. The capture was not long retained, 
for Clarke regained it by a rapid march through the flooded 
country (29 Feb., 1779), and sent Hamilton as a prisoner to 
Virginia. The Northwest was regarded as a conquest, and 
was united to the Old Dominion as the county of Illinois. 

22. In the Middle and Eastern States the British, after four 
campaigns, retained only New York, Newport, and a few 
other places, which they held with difficulty, and without 
being able to extend their authority far over the adjacent 
country. But there appeared to be some prospect of recov- 
ering the wealthier and more thinly settled colonies in the 
south, where the majority of the people were thought to be 
well affected to the British government, and where servile 
insurrection might be hoped in aid of their arms. Accord- 
ingly, Colonel Campbell was despatched to Georgia with 
thirty-five hundred men. General Prevost (pre-vo r ), from 
Florida, was ordered to join him, and assume the chief com- 
mand. A fleet conveyed the detachment to the Savannah. 
A landing was made a few miles below the city of the same 
name. The opposing force of twelve hundred men, under 
Colonel Howe, were attacked in front and in rear, and routed. 
Savannah was occupied by the British (29 Dec); and not 
long after all Georgia fell into their hands, Sunbury being cap- 
tured by Prevost (9 Jan., 1779) and Augusta by Campbell. 



22. What portions of the country did the British retain? What attempts were 
made to regain possession ? How did they succeed ? 



1779.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



137 



CHAPTEK IV. 

The Revolution (continued). — Transactions of the 
Years 1779 and 1780. 

Summary.— 1. Condition of England in 1779— of America. 2. Opening of the war 
in the South.— Collision between American and British troops. 3. Advance 
upon Charleston. 4. Operations in Virginia. 5. Destruction at Norfolk. 6. 
Exploits of John Paul Jones. 7. Skirmishes between the British and Ameri- 
cans. — New England towns destroyed. 8. Attack upon the Indians. 9. Diffi- 
culties between England and Spain. 10. City of Savannah besieged. 11. 
Washington's army in winter-quarters. — Attack upon Charleston by the British. 
12. Measures for the completion of the conquest of South Carolina. 13. Dis- 
aster at Camden. 14. Other misfortunes. 15. Description of Francis Marion. 
16. Operations of Cornwallis in North Carolina. 17. Skirmishes between 
English and American forces. 1 8. Aid from France of ships and troops. 1 9. 
Plot for the betrayal of West Point. 20. Capture of Major Andre. 21. Dis- 
couragement and difficulties of the American forces. 22. Expenses of the war. 
— Decrease of continental money.— First coin issued. 

1. The transactions in America during the year 1779, were 
small but not insignificant. England was engaged in wide- 
spread warfare with France, and was regarded with jealousy 
by other powers, while public sentiment at home was pro- 
foundly divided. Her colonies were everywhere exposed, 
and her fleets were required in every sea. Her troops and 
her overtaxed resources were needed for enterprises of more 
hope or of greater necessity than the reduction of the revolted 
colonies. But, if the English army in America was thus ren- 
dered too weak to make any great effort, the Continental 
forces were not strong enough to expel them from the posi- 
tions they occupied, or to prevent their obtaining signal 
advantages in the Southern colonies. General languor pre- 
vailed, more effectual assistance was expected from France, 
disappointment was produced by the prolongation of the war, 
and all difficulties were increased by the wretched deprecia- 
tion of the currency. It was impracticable to raise large 



1. What is said of the transactions in America during the year 17*79? In what 
was England engaged? What was the condition of her colonies and resources? 
What of the American colonies ? Who appeared as leaders ? 



138 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1779. 



bodies of men, or the means of keeping them on foot. Desul- 
tory enterprises were conducted by small and unfurnished 
bodies; battles were fought with great spirit and daring 
by irregular bands ; and partisan leaders — Marion, Sumter, 
Davie, Pickens, Shelby, Campbell — assumed prominence on 
the theatre of action. 

2. The war in the South was opened by the capture of 
Savannah, and the conquest of the rest of Georgia. But 
this movement was not unresisted. A body of Tories from 
North Carolina were broken on their way to Augusta by the 
Whigs of the upper country under Colonel Pickens. Five 
prisoners were tried for treason, and hanged. This severity 
provoked retaliation ; and the struggle became more bitter 
and violent than it had hitherto been. General Lincoln, 
who had been put in command of the Southern Department, 
despatched Colonel Ashe with one thousand four hundred 
men to threaten Augusta. It was evacuated on his approach ; 
but the British assailed the pursuer at Green Brier Creek, 
got in his rear, and routed him. Augusta was reoccupied, 
and General Prevost restored the royal governor and the 
colonial laws. 

3. Lincoln hastened to regain Augusta ; and Prevost, prof- 
iting by his absence, crossed the Savannah, drove Moultrie's 
detachment before him, and advanced upon Charleston. He 
summoned the city to surrender (12 May), and Governor 
Rutledge, who had been clothed with dictatorial powers, 
offered to stipulate for the neutrality of the colony, till its 
fate should be decided by the issue of the war. The terms 
did not suit Prevost, and he prepared to storm the town. 
But Moultrie, Rutledge, and Pulaski had come to its defence : 
and Lincoln, who had been recalled by its danger, was at 
hand. The British withdrew to St. John's Island, after plun- 

2. How was the war in the South opened ? Describe the skirmishes between 
the contending parties. What city was evacuated ? What did General Prevost re- 
store ? 

3. What did Lincoln hasten to do ? What city did he advance upon ? What offers 
were tendered by Governor Rutledge ? Were they accepted ? What did the British 
io? 



1779.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



139 



dering the plantations round Charleston. An attack on them 
at Stono Ferry was repulsed with loss to the assailants (20 
June). The intensity of the heat suspended military opera- 
tions till the summer was over. 

4. General Matthews, with twenty-five hundred men, had 
been detached from New York by Clinton for operations in 
Virginia. He took Portsmouth (6 May), Norfolk, and Gos- 
port. He burnt one hundred and thirty merchant vessels in 
the James and Elizabeth rivers, also an unfinished frigate at 
Portsmouth, and eight small war-vessels at Gosport, where 
Virginia had established a navy-yard. He retired in a few 
days with three thousand hogsheads of tobacco, and other 
plunder, having inflicted damage to the amount of $2,000,000. 

5. The destruction at Norfolk and its neighborhood was a 
serious injury to the marine and to the infant navy of the 
colonies. Neither government nor people had been negligent 
of the advantages promised by activity at sea. In despite 
of British fleets and cruisers, trade with foreign ports had 
been maintained. Privateers had been early commissioned 
and had met with great encouragement in France. Their 
captures in the first year of the war amounted to three hun- 
dred and fifty vessels, with cargoes valued at $5,000,000. 
Congress had also ordered the creation of a public navy (13 
Dec, 1 775), and many ships were put upon the stocks. 

6. The most daring and successful of the naval commanders 
was John Paul Jones, a Scotchman by birth, who, after many 
gallant adventures, signalized himself by the boldness with 
which he cruised round Britain and ravaged its shores. At 
the close of this summer he encountered two British frigates, 
convoying some merchant ships. Being attacked by the 
Serapis (ser-d'pis), he lashed his vessel, the Bon Homme 
Richard (bon f om'ree-shar f ), to her. Both vessels took fire. 
Jones' consort came up, and the Serapis struck her colors ; 

4. What had been clone in Virginia ? 

5. What is said of the destruction at Norfolk ? What was done despite British 
fleets, etc. ? How many captures had been made ? What had Congress ordered 't 

6. Give an account of the exploits of John Paul Jones. 



140 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1779. 



as did the other frigate, the Countess of Scarborough {scar'- 
bur-row), soon afterward (23 Sept.). His own vessel was so 
desperately injured that it was abandoned. It very soon sank. 

7. The transactions in the northern colonies were not cal- 
culated to produce much effect. Clinton tried to regain the 
command of the Hudson. He took the forts at Stony Point 
(31 May) and Verplanck's Point (1 June). But the former 
was recaptured by a dashing midnight assault under General 
Wayne (16 July) ; and the British at Paulus Hook (Elizabeth 
City) were surprised by a like brilliant exploit achieved by 
Major Henry Lee (19 July), a young officer of the highest 
promise, already much in the confidence of Washington. 
Connecticut was afflicted by a marauding expedition led by 
Governor Tryon. New Haven was plundered (5 July), East 
Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk were burnt. 

8. To punish the Indians for the outrages in the Wyoming 
and Cherry Valleys, and for other depredations and cruelties, 
Congress ordered an attack upon the Six Nations. Sullivan, 
with five thousand men, passed up the Chemung (she-mung') 
branch of the Susquehanna, routed the Indians under Brant, 
Johnson, and Butler, near Elmira (22 Aug.), and pushed 
forward to the Genesee Valley, which was cultivated by the 
Senecas with a diligence and success unknown elsewhere 
among the red-men. Eighteen villages were burnt, the corn 
was destroyed, the orchards were cut down, and the whole 
country was devastated. This chastisement did not secure 
tranquillity. A similar expedition from Pittsburg spread 
ruin through the Indian settlements along the Alleghany 
river. 

9. The difficulties of England were increased by the ad- 
dition of Spain to the number of her enemies (16 June). 

7. What did Clinton try to do ? What forts did he capture ? How was Stony- 
Point recovered ? What exploit was achieved in New Jersey ? How was Connec- 
ticut disturbed? 

8. What did Congress order to be done ? What was destroyed ? What further 
was done ? 

9. What increased the troubles of England ? What did France propose? To 
what office was Franklin appointed ? Adams ? Jay ? 



1779.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



141 



France suggested to the colonies the propriety of proposing 
terms of peace, without claiming Canada and Nova Scotia, 
or insisting on a share in the fisheries of Newfoundland. 
The advice was distasteful. Franklin was retained as minis- 
ter plenipotentiary to France ; John Adams, who had just 
returned from Paris, was charged with t?ie negotiations with 
Britain ; and Jay, with those with Spain, for the free naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi, and a loan of five million dollars. 

10. D'Estaing, with a large French fleet, had obtained 
many successes in the West Indies, and, on the with- 
drawal of his opponent, Admiral Byron, sailed for 
Georgia, and laid siege to the City of Savannah (13 Sept.), 
while Lincoln hastened to co-operate with him. D'Estaing 
summoned Prevost to surrender, but the defences were 
strengthened, and the demand refused. The siege dragged 
on, and the French admiral impatiently offered Lincoln the 
choice of raising it, or storming the town. The assault was 
made with three columns (9 Oct.), which were hurled back 
with heavy slaughter, though the parapets had been gained. 
D'Estaing was wounded, and Count Pulaski fatally injured 
by a cannon ball. Sergeant Jasper was slain in the act of 
replacing the flag of South Carolina on the hostile ramparts. 
D'Estaing refused to repeat the assault, and withdrew. 
Lincoln, abandoned by his ally, and disappointed. i*eturned 
to Charleston. 

11. Washington's army went into winter-quarters at West 
Point, on the Hudson, and at Morristown, New Jersey ; and 
Clinton, relieved for the time of apprehension for the safety 
of New York, proceeded in person to push the advantages 
obtained in the South. He had withdrawn the troops from 
Newport, Rhode Island, in obedience to orders from home, 
and sailed against Charleston (28 Dec.) with five thousand 

10. What is said of D'Estaing 1 s success ? To what city did he lay siege ? Give 
an account of it. What officers were slain ? 

11. Where did Washington's army go into winter-quarters ? What did Clinton 
do? Against what city did he sail ? What did he demand ? State the progress of 
the siege. What had occurred at Monk's Corner ? 



142 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[17S9. 



men, to which should be added two thousand marines or the 
fleet of Admiral Arbuthnot. He landed on the islands below 
the city (11 Feb.), and proceeded leisurely to invest it (1 April). 
The fleet having got safely into the harbor, a surrender was 
demanded (9 April). Being declined, the bombardment com- 
menced, and was continued with little intermission. A sur- 
render being a second time refused, a tremendous cannonade 
was opened (9 May) and kept up for two days, when the city 
was forced to capitulate (11 May). A body of cavalry under 
General Huger (u-jee') had been defeated at Monk's Corner, 
on the Cooper river, and scattered by Colonel Tarletoti 
{tart ton), about a month before. Between Ave thousand 
and six thousand prisoners — citizens, militia, and regulars, 
four hundred pieces of artillery, four frigates, and other cap- 
tures, became the prize of the British. 

12. Clinton took prompt measures to complete the conquest 
of South Carolina. He issued proclamations calling for a 
loyal militia, threatening confiscation and other penalties to 
those who rejected the royal authority, and offering pardon 
to such as returned to their allegiance, "without having pol- 
luted themselves with the blood of their loyal fellow-sub- 
jects." Troops were detached in different directions, without 
meeting any hostile band, except in the pursuit of Colonel 
Buford's regiment of the Virginia Line, which had turned 
back on hearing of the fall of Charleston. Tarleton accom- 
plished one hundred and five miles in fifty-four hours, over- 
took Buford at the Waxhaws, near the boundary of North 
Carolina, and cut his regiment to pieces, killing one hundred 
and thirteen and capturing two hundred, with a loss of only 
five killed on his own side, and about twelve wounded (29 
May). Clinton now returned to New York, while Cornwallis 
remained with four thousand men to hold and extend the 
conquest (3 June). 



12. What terms did Clinton offer to the South Carolinians ? What did Tarleton 
accomplish ? Whither did Clinton return ? For what purpose did Cornwallis re- 
main at the South ? 



1780.] 



THE BEV0LUT10N. 



143 



13. But the conquest was insecure. The harshness of the 
British rule, and the oppressions of British reconstruction, 
multiplied enemies and revived resistance. Patriot leaders 
drew around them resolute men, willing to face danger, and 
endure fatigue, exposure, and privation, that they might 
redress the injuries and redeem the fortunes of their country. 
The occasion was soon presented. When Charleston was 
taken, De Kalb was coming to its aid with the Maryland and 
Delaware troops. He was overtaken and superseded by 
Gates (25 July). Gates advanced toward Camden, confident 
of meeting no opposition. He had scarcely four thousand 
men, and some of them had been detailed, while many were 
unfit for duty, having been struck down on the famishing 
march through the Pine Barrens, by living on unripe peaches 
and green corn. With his small, undisciplined army he 
hastened by night (15 Aug.) to surprise the British at Cam- 
den. A similar surprise of himself was designed by Lord 
Cornwallis, who had joined Lord Rawdon on hearing of the 
advance of Gates. The two armies stumbled upon each 
other after midnight. As soon as day dawned the battle 
began (16 Aug.). The raw militia fled from the charge of 
the bayonet, De Kalb was killed, and the continental troops, 
taken in flank, were swept from the field. Every corps was 
shattered and dispersed, and a frightful rout was inflicted. 
Two thousand of the Americans, with all the artillery and 
baggage, were lost. Gates and a few others escaped to Char- 
lotte, eighty miles from the scene of the disaster at Camden. 

14. Another misfortune followed. General Sumter had col- 
lected six hundred men. He was repulsed at Rocky Mount 
(30 July), but was more successful at Hanging Rock (6 
Aug.). A week later he captured a British train moving 
from Fort Ninety-Six (Cambridge) to Camden. On the de- 



m 13. Was the conquest a certain one ? What multiplied enemies, and caused re- 
sistance ? What resulted from this ? Give an account of the battle at Camden. 

14. What other misfortune followed ? Whither did Sumter retire? Who was 
named to take his place ? What had Francis Marion been doing ? 



144 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1780. 



feat of Gates he was pursued in his rapid retreat more rap- 
idly by Tarleton, who got in his rear with one hundred and 

sixty men, and dis- 
persed his force of 
eight hundred men 
(18 Aug.). This 
broke up the only 
command which 
could enable Gates 
to keep the field. 
He retired to Salis- 
bury, and then to 
Hillsborough. 
When recalled to 
appear before a mil- 
itary board of in- 
quiry, General Na- 
thaniel Greene was 
general sumter. named by Wash- 

ington to take his 

place (22 Oct.). In the mean time Francis Marion, in the 
swamps of the Pedee (pe-dee!), and other partisans, alone 
maintained hostilities, in which they were cheered by popular 
sympathy and by the aid of the high-spirited women, who 
rejoiced in being termed "rebels." 

15. Francis Marion, who had been made a brigadier of 
South Carolina by Governor Rutledge, was nearly lifty years 
of age: small in person, scant of flesh, hard of feature, 
untiring, chary of speech, but full of devices, simple in habits 
and in manners. He ranged through the difficult country 
between the Pedee and the San tee rivers, from Camden to 
the sea: and pounced unexpectedly upon any weak post, any 
straggling detachment, or any convoy affording hope of cap- 
ture. Between Camden and Fort Ninety-Six, beyond the 




15. Give a description of Marion. Through what part of the country did lie 
ran^e? What did he do ? What did Sumter?/ 



17S0.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



145 



Saluda, the desultory but harassing warfare was maintained 
by Thomas Sumter, also a provincial brigadier; a younger, 
larger, stouter, hand- 
somer man than Ma- 
rion, with more ad- 
venturous daring 
and less prudence — 
fearlessly exposing 
himself to danger, 
and equall) apt to 
expose his men. Be- 
tween Ninety-Six 
and Augusta the 
British were kept un- 
easy, their posts an- 
noyed and t heir com- 
munications broken, 
by General Andrew 
Pickens. Along the 
borders of North 

and South Carolina similar services were rendered by Colonel 
Davie, Colonel Rutherford, Colonel Williams, and other par- 
tisan leaders. 

16. Cornwallis entered North Carolina to annex that prov- 
ince to the two which had been reconquered. He detached 
troops in different directions to overawe the disaffected and 
to encourage the Tories. The latter abounded in the western 
and central parts of the colony, and were assembled by 
Colonel Ferguson to form the left wing of the British ad- 
vance. While preparing to join in this movement, a menace 
was made toward the British post at Augusta, but it was 
foiled, and Ferguson turned to intercept the retreat of the 
assailants. Hearing of the approach of a strong body of 
militia from the Holston, Clinch, and New River valleys, 




FRANCIS MARION. 



16. For what purpose did Cornwallis enter North Carolina ? What plan did he 
arrange ? Give an account of it. Was it successful ? Whi'her did he retreat ? 

7 



146 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1780. 



under Colonels Shelby, Campbell, Sevier, etc., he retired 
precipitately, but was pursued with greater speed. Unable 
to escape, he chose a strong position at King's Mountain. 
Thrice he drove his furious adversaries back with the bayonet, 
but the murderous rifles of the mountaineers picked off one 
hundred and fifty of his boldest men. Ferguson himself fell, 
and then the eight hundred survivors surrendered (9 Oct.). 
Ten of the captives were hanged, and the victors disbanded 
to return to their homes. The plans of Cornwallis w r ere 
frustrated, and he fell back from Salisbury, which he had 
reached, to Winnsborough, in South Carolina. 

17. The partisan bodies were aroused to fresh activity. 
Marion issued from his concealment, but was driven back 
by Tarleton. Sumter repelled a British detachment, and 
threatened Fort Ninety-Six. Tarleton tried to cut him off, 
but was beaten back at Blackstock Hill (20 Nov.). But 
Sumter was severely wounded, and his followers dispersed. 

18. The armies in the north had been comparatively idle 
throughout the season, but other transactions of serious 
import had occurred. Lafayette had visited France and ob- 
tained the promise of greater assistance. Seven ships of the 
line, with frigates and transports, bearing six thousand 
troops, under Count Rochambeau (rd-shcon-bo'), entered 
Newport harbor (10 July). They had been followed by six 
British men-of-war. Clinton placed six thousand soldiers on 
board of these (27 July), to beat up the French, but want of * 
agreement between the military and naval commanders, and 
Washington's menace of attack on New York in his absence, 
induced him to disembark his troops. The fleet proceeded 
to blockade the French at Newport, and the second division 
of the French fleet was similarly shut up in Brest. Wash- 
ington, fearing that the army would not be held together 
for another campaign, visited Hartford to arrange with 

1 7. What, is said of the partisan leaders ? 

18. What had the northern army been doing ? What had Lafayette done ? What 
assistance did France render ? Give an account of the proceedings of the French 
and English fleets. For what purpose did Washington visit Hartford ? 



1780.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



147 



Rochambeau some effectual scheme of joint operations (19 
Sept.). 

19. During Washington's absence, a plot for betraying the 
fortress of West Point to the British was accidentally frus- 
trated and disclosed. General Arnold, who commanded the 
fort, w r as the traitor. Many circumstances tempted him to 
the commission of the treachery — his mortifications, the dis- 
trust which he had excited, the public censures which he had 
experienced, the extravagance of his living, the failure of his 
speculations and of other attempts to replenish his purse, 
the recent Tory connection which he had formed, and disap- 
pointed ambition. For many months he maintained, under a 
fictitious name, a correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, 
and obtained from Washington the command of West Point 
that he might betray it to the enemy. 

20. Major Andre (an'dra), a young, excellent, and accom- 
plished officer, was reluctantly persuaded to meet Arnold to 
complete the criminal negotiation. He was conveyed from 
the British sloop, Vulture, to the west bank of the Hudson, 
near the American lines (21 Sept.), He was induced to enter 
the lines and remain till the next night, when he was denied 
the means of returning to the sloop : obliged to proceed by 
land, he bore a passport from Arnold, and several important 
papers concealed in his stockings. He passed the American 
lines safely, but was seized near Tarrytown. Arnold received 
information of the capture in time to make his escape to the 
Vulture, the same morning that Washington returned to 
headquarters opposite West Point. Andre was tried by a 
court-martial, and sentenced to be hanged as a spy. Every 
effort was made by Clinton to save him, but he refused to 
give Arnold in exchange, and the sentence was sadly carried 
into execution (2 Oct.). 



19. What plot was discovered ? Who was the traitor? What tempted him to 
the deed ? With whom had he maintained a correspondence ? 

20. Who was enticed into the plot ? State how it was accomplished. Describe 
his capture. What was the result ? 



148 



HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. 



[1780. 



21. The year closed gloomily. Nothing had been achieved 
in the North, even with French aid. In the South, Georgia 
and South Carolina remained in the possession of the British, 
and, but for the accidental success at King's Mountain, North 
Carolina might have been likewise subjugated. Another 
campaign might secure it, and perhaps Virginia also. The 
late treachery of Arnold revealed the hazard of defection in 
the highest positions; mutinies in the army rendered the 
prosecution of military enterprises doubtful; and, though 
the difficulties of England were increased by war with 
Holland (20 Dec, 1780) and by the league of the Armed 
Neutrality, the worthlessness of the continental money and 
of the State bills threatened to defeat every effort to prolong 
the contest. 

22. At the outbreak of the war Congress directed the first 
issue of paper money — the easy expedient for commencing 
revolutions. In the course of eighteen months $20,000,000 
had been expended without causing depreciation, notwith- 
standing the multitude of State notes afloat. But continual 
additions rapidly reduced their value. By the end of 1777 
three dollars in paper were worth only one in gold. Vain meas- 
ures were taken to arrest this decline. The notes were made 
legal tenders, and their acceptance was rendered compulsory. 
Loans were invited ; bills were drawn upon France and Hol- 
land without credits to meet them ; levies were imposed on 
the several States. In the beginning of 1779 the rate of ex- 
change was seven dollars in paper for one in gold ; at mid- 
summer, twenty for one. By the commencement of 1780 
$200,000,000 had been issued, and the value was thirty for 
one — with a rapid decline. Distrust was increased by coun- 

21 . How did the year close ? What had been achieved in the North ? What re- 
mained in the possession of the British ? What difficulties perplexed the contest- 
ants ? 

22. What had Congress done at the outbreak of the war? How much had been 
expended ? What reduced the value of the continental money? What means were 
adopted to arrest the decline? What had been the issue at the beginning of 1780? 
What increased the distrust ? When was it repudiated ? Give an account of the 
value of the continental money. What was done for the restoration of the public 
credit ? When were coins first made bv the government ? 



1780.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



149 



terfeit bills dispersed by the loyalists. The provision making 
the notes lawful tender was repealed. Contributions of grain, 
meat, and stores were exacted, and the old issues were called 
in (Jan., 1780) to be gradually exchanged for notes of a " new 
tenor," at the rate of forty for one. This awkward scheme 
only accelerated depreciation. The "new issue" soon fell 
to four for one; and the continental currency was at length 
repudiated by Congress (May, 1781), fell to a hundred, two 
hundred, five hundred, one thousand for one, and dropped 
out of use. In the opening of the year a pair of boots cost 
$600 ; as the year wore on, $500 was paid for a common 
tavern-dinner, and a sulky-box full of continental money 
was required for the purchase of a cow. The same down- 
ward path of financial blundering has been travelled more 
than once in subsequent times. For the restoration of the 
public credit, the plan of 
a Bank was proposed to 
Robert Morris in 1 780 ; but 
it was not carried into effect 
till 1782. 

No coins were struck by 
the General Government 
till after the Revolutionary pine-tree shilling. 

War (1787). The only metallic money previously made in 
the country was the small coinage of Massachusetts, coined 
from 1652 to 1686. 





FIRST MONEY COINED BY THE UNITED STATES. 



150 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1781. 



CHAPTEE V. 

The Revolution (continued). — From 1781 to the close 
of the War. 

Summary*— 1. Washington's embarrassments. 2. Arnold publishes a treacherous 
proclamation. 3. ''Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" adopted. 
4. Means taken for restoration of public credit. 5. Arnold's campaign. 6. 
Reorganization of the army. — Battle of " the Cowpens. 1 ' 7. Cornwallis's pursuit 
of the Americans, 8. Engagement at Guilford Court-House. 9. Greene's 
attempt to regain North Carolina. 10. Character of the struggle in the Caro- 
linas. 11. Battle at En taw Springs. 12. Renewal of attempts upon Virginia 
by Cornwallis. 13. French fleet expected. 14. Arrival of De Grasse. 15. 
Coast of Connecticut ravaged. — Siege of Yorktown. 16. Final disaster of the 
British. 17. England offers conciliation. 18. Suspension of hostilities. — 
New York evacuated by the British.— Washington's farewell to the army. 19. 
Colonial debt and other difficulties. 

1. Throughout the war Washington had been distressed 
and embarrassed by want of means, by the absence of disci- 
pline, and by the misconduct of his troops. The steadiness 
and subordination of veterans can scarcely be expected from 
recruits fresh from the plough, the workshop, and the counter. 
In the beginning of 1781 dissatisfaction was more prevalent 
in the army and more menacing than at any other period, as 
the temptations to disorder were increased by the condition 
of affairs. 

2. Arnold published a treacherous proclamation inviting 
the soldiers to desert the American colors, and British agents 
were sent to seduce them from their allegiance. The emis- 
saries were seized, and were subsequently hanged as spies. 
But other causes were more active in producing discontent. 
The Pennsylvania regiments in winter-quarters at Morristown 
broke out into open revolt (1 Jan., 1781), claiming their dis- 
charge on the ground of the completion of their term of 



1. Bv what had Washington been embarrassed? What is said of the beginning 
of 1781*? 

2. What did Arnold publish ? What resulted from it? What other causes pro- 
duced discontent ? Describe the condition of the troops. 



1781.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



151 



service. Their pay was heavily in arrear; the money with 
which they were to be paid was almost worthless ; they were 
suffering from want of clothing and other necessaries ; and they 
were indignant at the large bounties offered for raw recruits. 
The mutiny was arrested by the concession of most of their 
demands. The New Jersey troops sought redress for the 
same grievances by a similar procedure, but with unlike for- 
tune. Washington brought a detachment from West Point, 
and compelled submission. 

3, The "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" 
were at length signed by the delegates from Maryland (1 
March), and became the constitution for the united colonies. 
Congress had hitherto exercised its high powers rather by 
the acquiescence of the people than in consequence of any 
explicit authority. In the first efforts to construct a common 
frame of government, the great questions were raised, and the 
sectional differences revealed, which subsequently distracted 
the Union, and eventuated in civil war. 

4. The depreciation of the currency, and the inability of 
Congress to pay the soldiers, or to care for them, had been 
the chief causes of the late mutiny. Some effectual measures 
were required to restore public credit, and, with this view, 
Robert Morris was made superintendent of finance (Feb.), 
on the express condition that all transactions should be con- 
ducted on the basis of specie. In the most critical period 
of the year the means for meeting the most urgent demands 
were obtained by an advance from the French military chest; 
by the arrival of Laurens from France with half a million of 
dollars, besides clothing, arms, and ammunition; by a French 
loan, a French subsidy, and a French guarantee of a loan in 
Holland. At the commencement of the next year the first 
National Bank of America went into operation. 

3. What was done on the 1st March? How had Congress hitherto exercised its 
power ? 

4. What was the cause of the late mutiny ? What was required to restore public 
credit? How were means raised to meet the most urgent demands ? What went 
into operation the next year ? 



152 



HIST OB Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1781. 



5. To aid the designs of Cornwallis in the South, Arnold, 
now a major-general in the British service, came to Virginia 
with a small force. He sailed up James river, and landed 
below Richmond. Mr. Jefferson, the governor, called out 
the militia ; but all other preparations were for flight. Rich- 
mond was occupied without opposition (5 Jan.). Some days 
w T ere spent in plundering the city. The invaders then slowly 
retired to Portsmouth, suffering some damage on the way. 
The French fleet from Newport had been directed to the 
Chesapeake, but it was defeated by a British squadron, and 
forced to return. General Phillips now arrived with two 
thousand additional troops, and took command. He pro- 
ceeded to Petersburg, where he was gallantly but ineffectually 
opposed by Steuben and the militia. He took possession of 
the town and destroyed four thousand hogsheads of tobacco 
and other property. He next moved against Richmond, but 
Lafayette had arrived the previous day with twelve hundred 
continental troops ; and he fell down the river, burning 
tobacco, flour, mills, and shipping, as he went. Before re- 
gaining Portsmouth he retraced his steps (6 May) toward 
Petersburg to join Cornwallis, who was approaching from 
the south; here Phillips died (13 May), and Arnold resumed 
the chief command in Virginia till the arrival of Cornwallis. 

6. When General Greene took charge of the Southern De- 
partment, he gave his first attention to the reorganization of 
the army, which had been almost annihilated by recent disas- 
ters. At the earliest practical moment he marched south- 
ward to watch and to harass the movements of Cornwallis. 
He encamped with his main body opposite to Cheraw, and 
sent Colonel Henry Lee, with his Legion, to the aid of Ma- 
rion. The rest of the army was intrusted to General Morgan, 
who was directed to post himself at the junction of the 



5. What was done to aid the designs of Cornwallis ? What was his destination ? 
What city was occupied? What is^said of the French fleet? Who now arrived ? 
Who opposed him ? What did Lafayette do ? 

6. To what did General Greene givo his attention ? What afterward ? Describe 
the battle of "the Cowpens." 



1781.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



153 



Broad and Pacolet {patio-let) rivers. The campaign opened 
with an attack by Tarleton on this small body of one thou- 
sand men. On 
the approach 
of the enemy 
Morgan fell 
back to favor- 
able ground, 
at a place 
called the 
" Cowpens, " 
near the 
North Caro- — 
lina line. Tar- 
leton attack- 
ed with his 
usual spirit 
and with su- 
perior num- 
bers. He was 
encount ered 
with unusual 
resolution 
(17 Jan). A 
charge by 

Colonel Washington decided the day, and drove him back, 
with the loss of one hundred men killed, and five hundred 
and twenty-three prisoners. He was himself wounded by 
Washington in a hand-to-hand conflict. When he after- 
ward sneered at his adversary's inability to write his name, 
he was reminded that u Washington knew how to make his 
mark." 

7. The defeat of Tarleton did not change the plans of 




COLONEL HENRY LEE. 



7. What effect had the defeat of Tarleton ? Whither did Morgan hasten ? Who 
pursued ? What checked the pursuit ? Where had Greene left his main force ? 
What was effected ? Who obtained possession of North Carolina ? 

7* 



154 



HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. 



[1781, 



Cornwallis. Morgan hastened with his prisoners toward 
Virginia. Cornwallis pursued. Morgan crossed the Catawba 

one morning (29 
Jan.) ; Cornwallis 
reached it the same 
evening ;but a heavy 
rain fell during the 
night and rendered 
it impassable next 
day. The same mis- 
fortune checked the 
British again at the 
Yadkin (3 Feb.); but 
the race was resum- 
ed, and an effort was 
made to get in the 
rear of the Ameri- 
cans. General 
Greene had left his 
main force opposite 

Cheraw, with orders to hasten to Guilford (ghil'ford) 
Court-House, and had ridden one hundred and fifty miles 
across the country to join Morgan, which he had done be- 
tween the Catawba and the Yadkin (31 Jan.). The junction 
of the two wings was effected at the place designated ; but 
the rapid retreat was continued to the river Dan. A third 
time the British reached the stream as the rear of the Ameri- 
cans passed over (14 Feb.). But Greene had been expelled 
from North Carolina : that large province seemed to be re- 
conquered, and the royal standard was raised at Hillsborough. 

8. Greene had withdrawn to Virginia for the purpose of 
receiving the re-enforcements collected for his army. He soon 
recrossed the Dan, but skilfully avoided an action till their 
arrival. When they reached him, they swelled his force to 




GENERAL MORGAN. 



8. For what purpose had Greene withdrawn to Virginia? 
ment take place ? Give an account of it. 



Where did an engage- 



1781.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



155 



four thousand four hundred men, nearly twice the number 
opposed to him, though they were chiefly militia. He now 
sought an engagement. 
It took place near Guil- 
ford Court- Ho use (15 
March). The North 
Carolina militia fled at 
the first charge ; the 
Virginia militia were 
pushed by the bayonet 
from their screen of 
woods ; a Maryland 
regiment of the line, 
recently raised, gave 
way ; but the British 
were held in check by 
the steadiness of the 
other troops, and by the 
charge of Washington's horse. Greene drew off his army in 
good order. Cornwallis reaped no benefit from the doubtful 
victory. His army was shattered, and his men were starving. 
He fell back, harassed by Lee, first to Fayetteville, and then 
to Wilmington, where he prepared for another advance to 
Virginia, still leaving South Carolina to the care of Rawdon. 

9. Cornwallis having been pressed out of the way, Greene 
made a daring movement for the recovery of South Carolina. 
He took up a position at Hobkirk's Hill, close to Camden 
(April). Lord Rawdon attempting to surprise him by an 
attack on his flank (25 April); his troops were received 
with a severe fire, and nearly driven from the field. But 
their battle was restored ; the American centre w r as crushed, 
and Greene ordered a retreat. But the- British communica- 
tions with Charleston had been cut two days before by 
Marion and Lee, who had captured Fort Watson on the 




What was the effect upon Cornwallis ? 9. What did Greene do ? What did Lord 
Rawdon attempt ? How did he succeed ? To what were the British confined ? 



156 



HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. 



[1781. 



Pedee, and by their success encouraged the people to rise 
once more. The country was in arms. Rawdon fell back 
toward Charleston. The several forts scattered throughout 
the State were assailed, and most of them were taken. Fort 
Ninety-Six was besieged by Greene and Lee ; a vain attempt 
was made to take it by storm, and it was relieved by Raw- 
don's approach (18 June), but was soon abandoned. The 
British were thus confined to the region between the Santee 
and the sea. 

10. The struggle in the Carolinas was marked by bloody 
animosities. Whigs and Tories were more nearly matched 
there than in the other provinces. Partisans on both sides 
put their captives to death, burnt houses, stole slaves, and 
did not always spare women and children. Those who had 
accepted British protection were shot by the British when 
retaken in arms. Colonel Isaac Hayne, a gentleman estima- 
ble and beloved, was captured near Charleston, charged with 
breaking his pledge of allegiance, and hanged without 
mercy (4 Aug.) and without trial. The conduct of Lord 
Rawdon in this execution was denounced in England as well 
as in America. Greene threatened to retaliate on British 
officers who might fall into his hands, but the rapid close of 
the war prevented his threats from being carried out. 

11. Lord Rawdon returned to Englaud soon after the execu- 
tion of Hayne, and was succeeded by Colonel Stewart in the 
command in South Carolina. Greene descended from the hills 
of Santee, where he had been refreshing his wearied troops, 
and marched against the British at Orangeburg. They 
moved to Eutaw Springs, near the Santee river. Here they 
were attacked by Greene (8 Sept.). Each army was about 
two thousand in number, and fought with desperate valor. 
The British line was broken ; but the fight was renewed. 
The honor of the day was won by neither of the combatants, 

1 O. What marked the struggle in the Carolinas ? Give an account of the British 
atrocities. What was threatened ? 

1 1 . Who succeeded Rawdon ? What did Greene do with his troops ? Where did 
a battle take place ? Where did it close the war ? 



1781.] 



THE BEVOLUTION. 



157 



but the advantage accrued to the Americans. Stewart was 
confined to the neck of land between the Ashley and Cooper 
rivers, and Greene returned to the high hills of Santee. The 
battle of Eutaw Springs closed the war in South Carolina ; 
in less than six weeks it was terminated in Virginia also. 

12. When Greene advanced to South Carolina, Cornwallis 
renewed his attempt upon Virginia. The contending gen- 
erals turned their backs upon each other, and moved in op- 
posite directions. Cornwallis joined Arnold at Petersburg, 
and took command of the combined forces. Lafayette fell 
back before him to form a junction with Wayne, who was 
coming to his aid. British detachments were sent out under 
Simcoe (sim'co) and Tarleton to destroy the Virginia labora- 
tory on the Rivanna, to seize Governor Jefferson, and cap- 
ture or break up the Assembly in session at Charlottesville. 
The Saratoga prisoners were removed to Winchester, the 
Assembly adjourned to Staunton (stan'ton), and Mr. Jef- 
ferson saw Tarleton's dragoons crossing the river below his 
residence, and escaped into the mountains behind it. Simcoe 
and Tarleton returned down the James river, plundering and 
ravaging on their way. After various marches and counter- 
marches, Cornwallis fortified himself at Yorktown, where he 
had the benefit of navigable waters, and the presence of a 
few frigates. 

13. Washington had been advised by the Count cle Grasse 
of his purpose to visit the American coasts with his fleet, on 
his return from the West Indies. Rochambeau was, accord- 
ingly, drawn from Newport to join in an attack on New 
York. A second dispatch from De Grasse announced that 
he should sail for the Chesapeake. As the force was too 
weak to expect success in an enterprise against New York, 



12. What did Cornwallis do? What did he do at Petersburg? What did Lafa- 
yette ? State what was done by the British forces. Where did Cornwallis fortify 
himself? 

1 3. Of what had Washington been advised ? For what purpose was Rochambeau 
withdrawn from Newport ? What change did De Grasse announce ? Against whom 
was an attack to be made ? Give an account of it. 



158 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1781. 



it was resolved to turn all the available resources against 
Cornwallis. To conceal the design from Clinton, the demon- 
stration against New York was kept up ; but French and 
American troops pressed forward under the order of Wash- 
ington himself to the head of the Chesapeake, where they 
embarked on French vessels and were transported to the 
neighborhood of Williamsburg. 

14. De Grasse, according to announcement, arrived in the 
Chesapeake with his whole fleet — twenty-four ships of the 
line — and landed three thousand French troops to re-enforce 
Lafayette (31 Aug.). He was safe within the Capes when 
the British admirals, Graves and Hood, appeared. The 
naval manoeuvres only enabled the French fleet from New- 
port to enter the Bay. Thus the escape of Cornwallis by 
sea was effectually closed, and his position rendered extremely 
hazardous on the water-side. 

15. When Clinton discerned the purpose of Washington, 
he endeavored to recall him by a diversion into New England. 
Arnold was sent to ravage the coast of Connecticut. New 
London was taken, plundered, and burnt. Fort Griswold, 
on the opposite side of the Thames, was stormed with great 
loss, and the garrison was put to the sword after the place 
was captured. But Washington's plans were unchanged. 
The various bodies, French and American, having united at 
Williamsburg, proceeded to besiege Cornwallis in his forti- 
fied camp at Yorktown (29 Sept.). The joint force of the 
besiegers was more than sixteen thousand men, of whom 
seven thousand were French, and five thousand five hundred 
continental troops. The besieged numbered about eight 
thousand. The siege was prosecuted with great energy, and 
with a generous emulation between the French and Ameri- 
cans. Two redoubts were simultaneously attacked and carried 



J 4. What is said of De Grasse ? How did it affect Cornwallis ? 

15. What did Clinton attempt? For what purpose was Arnold sent to Connec- 
ticut ? What did he do ? What did Washington proceed to do ? Give a statement 
of the combined forces. How was the siege prosecuted ? Give an account in detail 
of it. Who surrendered ? How did it terminate ? 



1781.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



159 



by detachments from the two allies — the American assault 
being led by Alexander Hamilton (14 Oct.). General Nelson, 
the new governor 
of Virginia, was 
present with the 
militia, and di- 
rected the can- 
non to fire on his 
own house in the 
town. It was ren- 
dered a ruin. The 
lines were drawn 
closely around 
Cornwallis. He 
looked in vain for 
the promised help 
from Clinton, or 
for the arrival of 
a British fleet 
strong enough to 
relieve him. As a 

last desperate chance of escape, he resolved to cross the 
York river, cut his way through the small force on the 
opposite side, and rejoin Clinton by a rapid march. The 
attempt was made ; but the winds and the rains had been 
adverse to him throughout the year, and were fatal now. 
One detachment was carried over in the night (16 Oct.) ; 
the second was prevented from crossing by a furious storm. 
Those already sent over were brought back in the morning, 
drenched and benumbed by exposure to the tempest. Noth- 
ing now remained but capitulation, and the whole army, 
seven thousand and fifteen in number, was surrendered to 
the allied forces (19 Oct.). So ended the brilliant career of 
Cornwallis in America — so ended the battles of the Revolu- 
tion, for after Yorktown there was no prospect of subjugating 
the colonies. 




CORNWALLIS. 



160 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1782. 



16. The very day that Cornwallis surrendered, Clinton 
sailed from New York with twenty-five ships of the line and 
seven thousand men. He returned when he learnt the irre- 
parable disaster experienced by the British arms. A suc- 
cession of accidents and misconceptions had prevented 
timely aid. When the intelligence of the surrender reached 
England, Lord North, the prime- minister, repeated wildly, 
"O God! it is all over." 

17. But, though regular campaigns were ended, peace was 
not made, and desultory hostilities were continued, especially 
in the South. The perverse resolution of George III. still 
maintained the purpose of war. But the public sentiment 
of England recognized the hopelessness of prolonging the 
struggle. The city of London entreated the king to ter- 
minate " this unnatural and unfortunate war." General 
Conway, who had proposed the repeal of the Stamp Act, 
moved a resolution in the Commons against any further 
attempts to reduce the insurgent colonies (27 Feb., 1782). 
It was adopted. Lord North's ministry resigned, after 
having held office for twelve years (20 March). Sir Guy 
Carleton succeeded Sir Henry Clinton in command of the 
British forces in America, and was directed to offer terms of 
conciliation. They were declined, as they did not include 
independence. Negotiations, however, proceeded at Paris, 
and resulted in Preliminaries of Peace between Great Britain 
and the United Colonies (30 Nov.). France took umbrage at 
the separate peace signed by the American plenipotentiaries, 
contrary to the terms of the alliance; but the Americans 
were justly suspicious of the aims of the French court. All 
parties were too much exhausted and impoverished by the 
war, which had cost England one hundred thousand men, 
and added three hundred and fifty million dollars, or more, 

16. What occurred the day that Cornwallis surrendered? What is said of the 
reception of the news in England ? 

1 7. Did peace immediately follow ? What is said of George III. ? What of pub- 
lic sentiment ? What efforts were made in England toward peace ? Did America 
accept the terms ? What was the result ? At what did France take offence ? What 
is said of the condition of all parties ? 



1783.] 



THE BEVOLVTION. 



161 



to the national debt, not to desire the return of tranquillity. 
The definitive treaty of peace was not signed till 3 Sept., 
1783. 

18. All hostilities had been closed in America several 
months before the Treaty of Paris was concluded. A sus- 
pension of arms had been proclaimed on the eighth anniver- 
sary of the skirmish at Lexington (19 April, 1783), and the 
armies in the field were rapidly thinned by liberal furloughs 
at the discretion of the commanders. On the 3d ISTov. the 
remnant of the American army was disbanded, the officers 
having previously formed an association among themselves 
under the name of the Society of the Cincinnati. Three 
weeks later the city of New York was evacuated by the 
British, after an occupation of more than seven years (25 
Nov.). The British posts in the South had been abandoned 
in the previous year. The whole country being thus freed 
from the invader, except the frontier posts along the St. 
Lawrence and the lakes, Washington took an affectionate 
farewell of his officers and proceeded to Annapolis, where 
he surrendered to Congress the commission as commander- 
in-chief, which he had exercised with singular modesty, 
ability, purity, resolution, and success (23 Dec). The presi- 
dent of the Congress, in receiving the commission, com- 
mended him for having " conducted the great military con- 
test with wisdom and fortitude, invariably regarding the 
rights of the civil power, through all disasters and changes." 
He retired to his home at Mount Vernon, which he had 
visited only once during the continuance of active warfare. 

19. The condition of the country, though full of hope and 
promise, was full also of anxiety and gloom. But it had been 
much more alarming during the doubtful period between the 
surrender of Cornwallis and the final pacification. The 

18. What had been proclaimed ? What occurred on the 3d November? What, 
three weeks later ? What did Washington do ? 

1 9. What was the condition of the country ? What is said of the armies ? In 
what condition were the soldiers ? What is said of the financial state of the coun- 
try ? What effect had this upon the army ? Who quelled insurrections ? What 
was proposed to him ? What did he do ? 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1783. 



armies were still kept on foot, for the warfare might be 
resumed. The soldiers were destitute, and were with diffi- 




MOUNT VERNON. 



culty supplied with the scantiest means of subsistence. Both 
Americans and British were often on the verge of starvation, 
and obtained necessaries only by arms or by the credit of the 
officers. Congress was powerless when peril seemed to be 
removed. The States, always careless of meeting the requi- 
sitions of the central authority, became more negligent of 
demands upon their means when security was thought to be 
won. The public debt, foreign and domestic, was apparently 
beyond the ability of the country to pay. It amounted to 



1783.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



163 



$70,000,000, and $100,000,000 more had been expended. 
The army was still unpaid, and was clamorous for its dues. 
There was no assurance of the payment of arrears to the 
soldiers, or of the pensions promised them. In the idleness 
of the camp they reflected upon the insecurity of their claims, 
the impotence of the government, and the prospective 
anarchy of the land. They were with difficulty restrained 
from asserting their rights and redressing their grievances by 
arms. Those in camp at Newburg proposed to make Wash- 
ington king; but the offer of a crown was firmly declined, 
and he used every effort to tranquillize their minds and to 
enforce obedience. The army continued throughout the 
year unpaid, and, for the most part, unemployed. Old dis- 
contents were aggravated, and a second time it was resolved 
to seek redress by violence. Again the disturbances were 
allayed by the firmness and discretion of Washington. The 
birth of a mighty state is attended with long throes and 
multiplied agonies. 



CHAPTER VI. 
The Establishment of the United States. — 1783-1789. 

Summary, — 1. Independence and peace not assured. — Financial difficulties and 
debts. — Unsettled form of government. 2. Taxes imposed by Massachusetts. 
3. Means taken to adopt a permanent form of government. 4. Discussion upon 
the Constitution. 5. Constitution carried into effect. — First President ap- 
pointed. 6. Character and services of Benjamin Franklin. 7. Conflicting 
claims to the Western Territory. 8. Kentucky formed. — Vermont seeks ad- 
mission as a State. 9. Claims upon the Mississippi and its banks. 

1. Tranquillity and permanence were not assured by the 
recognition of the independence of the colonies. France 
regarded her young ally with jealousy, and England expected 

1. Did the declaration of Independence secure peace ? What difficulties arose 
What is said of the colonial government ? What became a necessity ? What is said 
of the means of collecting taxes, etc. ? What of the State accounts"? 



164 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1786. 



that financial difficulties and Indian warfare would compel 
their return to the allegiance of the British crown. Besides, 
there was no settled form of government. Congress had 
been clothed with extensive and varied powers but the exer- 
cise of its functions depended upon the concurrence of the 
several States. It became a grave necessity to maintain a 
central power, in order to secure the respect of foreign na- 
tions, and to deal with commercial and international ques- 
tions. There were no means of enforcing the payment of 
the taxes and contributions levied upon the States respect- 
ively. These State accounts were complicated, uncertain, 
and disorderly. The procedure had been different in each, 
and had produced diversity of embarrassment. 

2. Massachusetts imposed excessively onerous taxes upon 
her people to satisfy the requirements of Congress, and to 
clear off her own and her share of the general debt. This 
action provoked rebellion. Daniel Shays, a captain in the 
late continental army, took the field at the head of about 
two thousand other discontented men (5 Dec, 1786), and 
seized Worcester (icuss'ter) and some other towns. The 
insurgents were pursued, dispersed, and repressed by the 
energy of General Lincoln and the firmness of Governor 
Bowdoin (bo' den), in a brief campaign conducted amid the 
snows of winter (27 Feb., 1787). No one was executed, for 
the rebellion had been merely the outbreak of a wide popular 
sentiment. 

3. This grave disturbance added strength to the conviction 
of the necessity of some better organization of the general 
government. The legislature of Virginia, acting upon a 
suggestion thrown out by Washington, had recommended a 
convention to regulate commerce (Jan., 1786). It assembled 



2. What had Massachusetts imposed ? What did this provoke ? What did Daniel 
Shays do? How was the rebellion quelled ? 

3. What effect had this disturbance? What did the legislature of Virginia do? 
Where did the Convention meet ? How many States were represented ? What was 
proposed ? What is said of the second Convention ? What did it accomplish ? 



1788.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



165 



at Annapolis (11 Sept.), but only five States were repre- 
sented, and it adjourned, after recommending another con 
vention with a wider range of action. The second convention 
met at Philadelphia (14 May, 1787), under the authority of 
Congress, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Con- 
federation, and rendering "the Federal Constitution adequate 
to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the 
Union." After a busy session of four months, the Constitu- 
tion of the United States was completed, substantially in the 
form which prevailed till 1861, and was reported to Congress 
with the recommendation that it " be submitted to a Con- 
vention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the people 
thereof," for their acceptance (17 Sept.). 

4. The proposed Constitution had not met with entire 
approval even in the body by which it had been adopted. 
Franklin was dissatisfied with it ; and Hamilton favored a 
wholly different scheme. But the conflict of views was most 
strongly exhibited in the State Conventions. Some con- 
ceived that too much freedom was left to the States ; others, 
that a dangerous supremacy was conferred on the Federal 
body. The excellences of the new Constitution were indi- 
cated with singular ability in a series of papers, designated 
the Federalist, which were written by Hamilton, 'Madison, 
and Jay. Its defects and hazards were eloquently and saga- 
ciously proclaimed in the Virginia Convention, by Patrick 
Henry and George Mason, and in that of New York by 
George Clinton, the president, and governor of the State. 
The ratification of nine States was required for the adoption 
of the scheme, and this was secured by the assent of New 
Hampshire (21 June, 1788). Virginia (26 June) and New 
York (26 July) followed ; but Rhode Island did not become 
one of the United States till the new Union had existed for 
more than a year (29 May, 1790). 



4. Was the Constitution unanimously adopted ? Who were dissatisfied with it ? 
Who wrote articles discussing its merits ? How many States were required to ratify 
it? 



166 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1789. 



5. The Continental Congress was in session at the time 
when the requisite number of States had acceded to the new 
Constitution, and promptly took measures for carrying it 
into effect. George Washington received the unanimous 
vote of the presidential electors, and was chosen by the 
people for their first president. John Adams was the second 
choice, and became vice-president The new Congress as- 
sembled at New York on the 4th March, 1789 — the time and 
place prescribed. 

6. In the protracted struggle with the mother country, no 
one had rendered more signal services than Benjamin 




FRANKLIN AT THE FRENCH COURT. 



Franklin. He had presented at Albany (1754) the first 
plan for the union of the colonies. His serene wisdom had 
been exhibited thirty-three years afterward in the conven- 
tion which framed the Constitution. Born in poverty and 

5. What did Congress do ? Who was appointed president ? Who vice-president ? 
When and where did the new Congress assemble? 

6. Who had rendered signal aid to the American people? In what ways had he 
aided them ? Give an account of his early history and his success as a scholar and 
statesman. 



1790.] 



THE REVOLUTION. 



167 



humble rank (6 Jan., 1706), he had gained renown by scien- 
tific discovery and literary acquirement; and had been ad- 
mitted to the friendship of statesmen and the councils of 
princes, from respect for his character and station. He had 
been crowned with various honors. He had been on the 
committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence. 
He had concluded the treaty of alliance with the French 
Crown (1778), which brought success to the Revolution ; and 
the treaty with Great Britain which ended the war (1782). 
He died. in the eighty-fifth year of his age (17 April, 1790). 

7. The conflicting claims of the different States to the 
Western Territory had produced much embarrassment. The 
difficulty had been met by the cession of these wide domains 
to the control of the general government. Virginia coupled 
her surrender with certain stipulations, of which the most 
important was the proviso that "there shall be neither slavery 
nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise 
than in punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have 
been duly convicted." 

8. Population was already flowing toward this rich and 
extensive region. At the close of the Revolution the settlers 
on the Tennessee had separated themselves from North 
Carolina and formed an independent State, under the name 
of Frankland (1784). A movement was made in South- 
western Virginia to unite with them. The legislature of 
Virginia took alarm, and provided for the creation of the 
new State of Kentucky (1785), whose fertile soil had attracted 
many emigrants, chiefly from Virginia. The Indian title to 
seventeen million acres on the north bank of the Ohio had 
been extinguished, and contracts were made for large sales 
of land (1787). The applications of new States for admission 
into the Union were referred by the Continental Congress to 



7. What had produced much embarrassment ? How had the difficulty been met ? 
What did Virginia stipulate ? 

8. To what points was population flowing? What had the settlers of Tennessee 
done ? What the legislature of Virginia ? To whom were the applications of new 
States referred ? Which one applied for admission in 1777 ? 



168 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1786. 



the coming Congress of the United States. Among these 
applicants was Vermont, which had assumed an independent 
existence during the progress of the war (1777). 

9. By the treaty with Great Britain, the Mississippi was 
declared the western boundary of the United States ; but its 
lower course lay within the dominion of Spain, which claimed 
its eastern bank as far as the mouth of the Yazoo. Negotia- 
tions had been opened for its free navigation even during 
the war, and were resumed at its close. The northern mem- 
bers of Congress were willing to renounce the right for a 
term of years, but the proposition was received with indigna- 
tion by the Southern States and the western people, whose 
present and prospective interests were endangered by such 
an arrangement (1786). 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART III. 

1763-1789, 

1764. Duties imposed by the English Parliament on colonial imports. 

5 April. 

1765. The Stamp Act. 8 March. 

" Colonial Congress at New York. 7 Oct. 

1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act. 18 March. 

1767. Duties laid on tea, glass, paper, etc. 29 June. 

1768. British troops sent to Boston. 27 Sept. 

1769. The Assembly of Virginia invites the concurrence of the other 

colonies. 16 May. 

1770. " The Boston Massacre." 5 March. 

" All duties repealed except on tea. 5 March. 

1771. The " Regulators" in North Carolina. 

1772. " Committee of Correspondence" at Boston. 22 Nov. 

1773. Destruction of tea in Boston harhor. 16 Dec. 



9. What had been declared the western boundary of the United States? Who 
claimed the eastern bank of the Mississippi » What negotiations had taken place ? 
What were the northern members of Congress willing to do ? How did the southern 
and western people receive the proposition t 



CI1R ONOL GICAL 



TABLE TO PART III. 



169 



1774. Boston Port Bill. 31 March. 

u Goutinental Congress at Philadelphia. 5 Sept. 

1775. Battle of Lexington. 18 April. Commencement of the Revo- 

lutionary War. 

" Ticoncleroga (10 May) and Crown Point (12 May) captured. 
44 Washington Commander-in-chief. 15 June. 
44 Battle of Bunker's Hill. 17 June. 
44 Montgomery slain at Quebec. 31 Dec 

1776. The British evacuate Boston. 17 March. 

" Port Moultrie. Repulse of the British Fleet. 28 June. 

44 Declaration of Independence. 4 July. 

44 Americans defeated on Long Island. 27 Aug. 

44 New York occupied by the British. 15 Sept. 

" Washington surprises the Hessians at Trenton. 26 Dec. 

1777. Princeton. Washington defeats the British. 3 Jan. 
" La Fayette arrives from France. 19 April. 

u Tryon's expedition to Connecticut. 

44 Battle of Brandy wine. Washington defeated. 11 Sept. 

44 Philadelphia taken by the British. 26 Sept. 

44 Battle of German town. 4 Oct. 

44 Battle of Saratoga. 7 Oct. 

" Surrender of Burgoyne. 17 Oct. 

" Washington takes up his winter-quarters at Yalley Forge. 11 
Dec. 

1778. Alliance with France. Acknowledging American Independence. 

6 Feb. 

" Commissioners arrive from Britain to negotiate for peace. 

" British evacuate Philadelphia. 18 June. 

" Battle of Monmouth. Washington defeats Clinton. 28 June. 

" Massacre of Wyoming. 4 July. 

44 D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet. 8 July. 

" Savannah taken by the British. 29 Dec. 

1779. Wayne recaptures Stony Point. 15 July. 
" Paul Jones off the English coast. 

44 D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed from Savannah. 9 Oct. 

1780. Monk's Corner. Tarleton routs American cavalry. 14 April. 
44 Charleston taken by Clinton. 12 May. 

44 Rochambeau arrives with a French squadron. 10 July. 

44 Camden. Cornwallis defeats Gates. 16 Aug. 

44 Arnold's treason. 

44 Andre executed as a spy. 2 Oct. 

44 King's Mountain. The Tories defeated. 7 Oct. 



170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1781. Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops. 

" Cowpens. General Morgan defeats Tarleton. 17 Jan. 

" Guilford Court-House. Cornwallis defeats Greene. 15 March. 

" Hobkirk's Hill. Rawdon defeats Greene. 25 April. 

" Colonel Hayne executed. 4 Aug. 

" Arnold destroys New London, Connecticut. 6 Sept. 

u Eutaw Springs. Greene obtains an advantage over the British. 
8 Sept. 

" Yorktown besieged. 30 Sept. 

14 Surrender of Cornwallis. 19 Oct. 

1782. Negotiation for peace. 

1783. Preliminary treaty of peace at Versailles. 20 Jan. 
" Definitive treaty signed at Paris. 3 Sept. 

" American army disbanded. 3 Nov. 

" British evacuate New York. 25 Nov. 

" Washington resigns his commission. 23 Dec. 

1780. Convention of delegates to reform the Constitution at Annapolis. 

1787. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 

" Convention at Philadelphia adopts Constitution of the United 
States. 17 Sept. 

1789. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 

" First National Congress at New York. 4 March. 

" George Washington inaugurated as first President. 30 April. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART III. 

PAGE 

1. What grievances afflicted the colonies ? 98 

2. What controversy arose in regard to " Writs of Assistance V 98 

3. What rendered "The Parsons 1 Case 1 ' notable? 99 

4. Who was Patrick Henry ? 99 

5. What was " the Sugar Act,' 1 and how was it received ? 99 

6. What was " the Stamp Act," and what feeling did it provoke ? 100 

7. What effect was produced by the repeal of " the Stamp Act? 1 ' 102 

8. What was "the Boston Massacre ?" 102 

9. What rendered the duty on tea offensive ? 103 

10. How were "the Regulators" treated? 103 

11. Tell the story of Daniel Boone 103-104 

12. How were the tea-vessels received in America? 104-105 

13. How was Boston punished for the destruction of the tea ? 105 

14. What course was taken in Virginia and Massachusetts ? 105 

15. Where did the Continental Congress meet ? and what did it do ? 105-10C) 

16. What measures were adopted in Massachusetts ? 100 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART III. 171 



PAGE 

17. Give an account of the war with the Shawanees, etc 106-107 

18. How did the Revolutionary War commence ? 107-108 

19. What, was the effect of the battle of Lexington ? 108 

20. How were Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured ? 109 

21. What war measures were adopted by Congress ? 109 

22. Narrate the battle of Bunkers Hill 110-111-112 

23. Give an account of the expeditions against Canada 112-113 

24. What transpired in Virginia — under Lord Dunmore ? 113 

25. What was the state of affairs at Boston when Washington took command ? . . 113 
2<>. How did Washington compel the British to leave Boston ? Ill 

27. Recount the defence of Fort Moultrie 116-117 

28. How was Independence urged ? and proclaimed ? 117-118 

29. What attempt at pacification was made ? 118 

30. What were Howe's first operations against New York ? 119 

31. Why did Washington abandon New York ? What events followed ? 119 

32. Why did Washington cross into New Jersey? What were his movements 

there? 120 

33. What became of Congress ? and why did Cornwallis not prosecute his ad- 

vantage ? 120 

34. What brilliant exploit restored hope to the Americans ? 121 

35. How did the British recover Lake Champlain ? 122 

36. W T here was Washington at the close of 1776 ? How was he strengthened ?. . . 122 

37. State the circumstances of the battle of Princeton 123 

36. What was done by the American commissioners to France ? 123-124 

39. When was the flag of the United Colonies adopted? 125 

40. Describe the plan of the campaign for 1777 125 

41. Tell the story of Jenny McCrea 125 

42. How did the battle of Bennington occur ? With what result ? 125-1-26 

43. Relate the incidents of Burgoyne's invasion 326 

44. When and how was Burgoyne compelled to surrender ? 127 

45. How did the battle of Braurlywine occur ? With what result ? 128 

46. Give an account of the battle of German town 128-129 

47. Where and in what condition did Washington's army pass the winter ? 130 

48. How was Washington regarded and treated at this time? 130 

49. What was the effect of Burgoyne's surrender in Europe ? 130-131 

50. Why, when, and how was Philadelphia evacuated by the British ? 132-133 

51. How did Great Britain endeavor to end the war ? 133 

52. Describe the battle of Monmouth 133 

53. Why did the attack on Newport fail ? . 134 

54. What Indian hostilities took place during the summer ? 131-135 

55. To what quarter were the British arms next directed ? Why? 135-136 

56. What was the condition of the colonies in 1779? 137 

57. How did the siege of Charleston take place ? and proceed ? 138 

58. What damage was inflicted on Virginia ? 139 

59. Relate John Paul Jones's exploit 139 

60. What movements took place near New York? 140 

61. How were the Indians chastised ? . 140 

62. How was the war affected by changes in Europe ? 140-141 

63. Relate D'Estaing's attack on Savannah 141 

64. Give an account of the capture of Charleston 141-142 

65. How did Clinton complete the conquest of South Carolina ? 142 



172 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PAGE 

66. What measures were taken to recover the province ? 143 

6T. Relate the circumstances of the battle of Camden 143 

68. What disaster befell General Sumter? Describe Sumter and Marion. 143-144-145 

69. How was Cornwallis recalled from North Carolina ? 145-146 

70. How were hostilities kept up in South Carolina ? 146 

71. What aid was sent from France ? With what effect ? 146 

72. Relate Arnold's treason 147 

73. What was Andre's fate ? 1 4 7 

74. What was the state of affairs at the end of 1780 ? 148 

75. How had the continental currency declined? 148-149 

76. What was the condition of the army in 1781 ? 150 

77. What change took place in the constitution of the country ? 151 

78. Relate Arnold's operations in Virginia 152 

79. What were the movements of Morgan and Greene ? 152-153 

80. What was the course of Cornwallis in North Carolina ? 154 

61. What success attended Greene in South Carolina ? 155 

82. What was the spirit of parties there ? What execution took place ? 156 

83. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs 156 

84. Relate the movements of Cornwallis during the summer 157-158 

85. When and how was Cornwallis compelled to surrender ? 159 

86. What diversion had been attempted by Clinton ? 160 

87. What were the closing transactions of the war? 161 

88. In what condition was the country left ? 161-162-163 

89. How was Shays' Rebellion occasioned? How was it suppressed? 164 

90. What change in the terms of union was proposed ? 165 

91. How was the new Constitution prepared ? and how regarded ? 165 

92. When did it go into operation? Who was President? and who Vice-Presi- 

dent 166 

93. Give an account of Franklin's career ... 166-167 

94. How were the western territories filling up? What new States were in 

prospect ? 167 

9^. What difficulties existed in regard to the Mississippi river ? 168 



PART IV. 

FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNITED STATES 
TO THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 
1789-1821. 



Washington's Administration. — 1789-1797. 

Summary* — 1. Organization of the Government. — Response of the Senate to 
Washington's first address. 2. First Cabinet officers. 3. First acts of Con- 
gress. 4. Debts of the States assumed by the Federal Government. 5. Na- 
tional Bank and a Mint established. 6. Emancipation of slaves proposed and 
rejected.— Seat of government changed. 7. Frontier attacked by Indians. 
8. Division of politicians into Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 9. Threatened 
troubles with France. 10. "Whiskey Insurrection. 1 ' 11. Attempts of England 
to restrict commerce. — Minister sent to England. 12. Randolph's resignation. 
— Procedure of James Monroe, ambassador to France. 13. Arrangements with 
the Dey of Algiers. 14. Washington's resignation. 15. John Adams elected 
president.— Retirement of Washington. 1 6. Condition of the Country. 

1. General Washington recognized the difficulties which 



CHAPTEE I. 



surrounded him as the first 
President of the United 
States. The whole frame- 
work of the government 
had to be constructed, and 
favor and success for the 
experiment secured. The 
Senate responded to his 
first address by declaring : 
" In you all parties confide ; 
in you all interests unite; 
and we have no doubt that 
your past services will be 
equalled by your future 




GENERAL WASHINGTON. 



1 With what was Washington surrounded ? What was his first work ? What 
was- the response of the Senate to his first address ? 



174 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1790. 



exertions." This confidence was a just tribute to his char- 
acter ; yet even Washington did not escape systematic and 
virulent attack. 

2. The advisers called by Washington to his first cabinet 
were Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the treasury ; Henry 
Knox, as secretary of w r ar ; and Thomas Jefferson, as secretary 
of state. Edmund Randolph was attorney-general, and 
John Jay, chief-justice of the Supreme Court. 

3. One of the first cases which engaged the attention of 
Congress w T as the provision of a revenue to meet the current 
expenses of the government, and to pay the interest on the 
public debt ; which amounted to more than fifty-four million 
dollars, without including the debts of the several States, 
which reached twenty-five million dollars more. Direct taxes 
w T ere, on many accounts, inexpedient, and an adequate 
revenue was sought by laying taxes on imports, and on dis- 
tilled liquors. 

4. Much more than the mere imposition of duties was re- 
quired to introduce order into the finances, and to restore 
the public credit ; and to this task Hamilton devoted his 
indefatigable activity and all the powers of his capacious and 
luminous mind. The foreign debt of nearly twelve millions, 
due to France, Holland, and Spain, had necessarily to be paid 
in full ; but it was proposed to repudiate, either wholly or in 
part, the domestic debt of forty-two millions and a half. 
This was strenuously opposed by Hamilton, who also recom- 
mended that the debts of the States should be assumed by 
the Federal treasury. His advice was followed by Congress. 
The public and general credit was restored ; trade and in- 
dustry revived, and the revenue soon exceeded the immediate 
necessities of the government. 

5. Another project was recommended by Hamilton as an 



2. Who were appointed cabinet officers ? 

3. To what was the attention of Congress first directed ? What were the first 
imposts ? 

4. To what did Hamilton direct his attention ? W T hat did he recommend ? 

5. What other project did he favor? 



1791.] 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



175 



aid to the finances and to the business of the country. This 
was the establishment of a national bank. The bill for its 
creation was opposed as unconstitutional, but was passed 
(Jan., 1791). A mint was also established, and the coinage 
made to correspond with that proposed by the Continental 
Congress (1792). 

6. While these measures had been under discussion, other 
grave matters had been considered. A petition for the 
emancipation of the negroes was presented to Congress, with 
the signature of Dr. Franklin, as president of the Society 
for the Abolition of Slavery (12 Feb., 1790). It was re- 
solved, " That Congress have no authority to interfere in the 
emancipation of slaves, or in the treatment of them in any of 
the States." The question was brought up again on the ac- 
ceptance of the cession of territory by North Carolina. But 
"the Territory south of the Ohio" was put on the same 
footing with the territory north of that river, except that 
slavery was not excluded (26 March). The seat of govern- 
ment was established at Philadelphia for ten years (1790), 
after which time it was to be removed to the banks of the 
Potomac, where a tract of ten miles square was ceded by 
the States of Maryland and Virginia. 

7. The new government was early called upon to protect 
the frontier settlements against Indian ravages. The West- 
ern Indians, encouraged by British officials, endeavored to 
make the Ohio river their boundary. They waylaid boats 
descending that river, and made incursions into Kentucky. 
Retaliation followed. An expedition from Kentucky marched 
to the Scioto, but returned without achieving anything 
(April, 1790). In the fall of the same year General Harmar 
led a larger force to the Maumee. It fell into an ambush 
and suffered terrible loss (17 Oct.). Next year General St. 

6: What important petition had been presented to Congress? What resolution 
was passed by Congress ? When was the question again brought up ? To what 
place was the seat or government transferred? 

7. What was the new government called early upon to do ? What had the western 
Indians done? What followed ? What occurred in the fall ? Which tribe refused 
to make peace ? 



176 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1795, 



Clair suffered himself to be surprised in the wilderness of 
the Wabash (waw r bos7i) by Little Turtle (Mish-i-kin' a-kwa) , 
the Miami chief, in company with Blue Jacket and Buck- 
ong-a-he-los, chiefs of the Shawanees and Delawares (4 Nov., 
1791). He was utterly routed. Many of the tribes aban- 
doned the league. The Miamis, who refused to make peace, 

suffered a bloody 
defeat from Gen. 
Wayne, near the 
Rapids of the Mau- 
mee(4 Nov., 1794). 
Next year peace 
was made at Fort 
Greeneville. 

8. While these 
Indian hostilities 
were in progress, 
the citizens of the 
Atlantic border and 
the government 
were distracted by 
the virulence of par- 
ty animosities. The 
discussions on the 
new Constitution 
had divided politi- 
cians into Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Since its adop- 
tion the latter had assumed the designation of Republicans, 
and were guided by Thomas Jefferson, a man of the highest 
practical ability, and familiar with all the arts of popularity ; 
whose tastes, principles, studies, and associations inspired a 
partiality for the Revolutionists of France. The Federalists 
were supposed to be directed by Alexander Hamilton, and 
were accused of undue attachment to Britain and desire of 

8. By what was the country distracted ? Into what parties were the people di- 
vided If Who were the leaders of these parties ? 




1794.] 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 



177 



a monarchy. This bitter antagonism produced an open 
breach between the two leaders while both remained in the 
Cabinet — a breach which Washington's personal influence 
was unable to heal. 

9. The French Revolution had broken out in the same 
year in w T hich the United States commenced its existence; 
and the arrival of M. Genest (jhen-a), the revolutionary 
envoy of France (April, 1793), inflamed the controversy 
between the American factions. He was instructed to draw 
the country to which he w r as sent into active co-operation 
with the Revolutionary Republic ; and he attempted to exe- 
cute his commission in the most lawless and insulting man- 
ner, sending out privateers from American harbors, captur- 
ing British vessels in American waters, preparing on Ameri- 
can soil expeditions against the possessions of Spain, and 
directing party sentiment against Washington and the gov- 
ernment. A proclamation of neutrality had been issued by 
the president about the time of Genest's arrival : and the 
flagrant disregard of its obligations and of the proprieties of 
a foreign embassy, compelled a demand for the recall of the 
ambassador. Washington's firmness alone saved the coun- 
try from a disastrous connection with the French Republic, 
but it did not save him from violent abuse. 

10. Other disturbances tested the strength and solidity of 
the new government. The Excise Laws had met with exten- 
sive opposition, especially in western Pennsylvania. In the 
country round Pittsburg it became a formidable insurrection, 
w r ith which very respectable persons, including Albert Galla- 
tin, were connected. Peaceful measures and proclamations 
proved unavailing to check disorder. Washington called out 



9. Wlien had The French revolution broken out? Who inflamed the controversy 
between the American factions? What had he been instructed to do? In what, 
manner did he execute his commission ? What proclamation had been issued by the 
president? WTiat is said of its violation? From what did Washington save the 
country ? 

10. What effect had these disturbances on the government? What laws met 
with opposition? What did this opposition become near Pittsburg? W T hat was 
done to check the disorder ? 

8* 



178 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1795. 



dfteen thousand of the militia, and placed the army under 
General Henry Lee of Virginia, with General Morgan in 
command of the Virginia troops. This display of force, with 
the exercise of moderation, was effectual. When the army 
appeared the insurgents had disappeared, and " the Whisky 
Insurrection" was at an end (Oct., 1794). 

11. The relations with Great Britain were as unsatisfactory 
as those with France. The evident aim of the mother coun- 
try toward the young commonwealth torn from her side, was 
to keep its commerce and industry in a state of inferiority 
and commercial dependence. Accusations were made by both 
governments of the infraction of the treaty of 1783; and its 
stipulations had not been carried out. The British Naviga- 
tion Acts were strictly enforced ; the vessels of the United 
States were excluded from the West India trade ; they were 
boarded by British cruisers, and British seamen were impressed 
from them ; provisions for French ports and colonies were 
declared contraband of war, and rendered the ships carrying 
them liable to seizure ; the fortified posts in the western ter- 
ritory had not been given up, and no compensation had been 
made for the negroes taken from Savannah and other southern 
harbors. Negotiation had failed to secure redress. An 
embargo was laid on British vessels (26 March, 1795). To 
avert war, Washington determined upon sending a special 
minister to England, and nominated John Jay, the chief- 
justice, for the mission (16 April). A treaty was at length 
concluded by him (19 Nov.). Much objection was made to 
it, as it left the most serious questions unsettled, and it was 
ratified by a constitutional majority only (24 June, 1795). 
The popular dissatisfaction was manifested at Boston by the 
plunder and burning of a British sloop, on the pretence that 
she was a privateer (20 June). 



11. How were the relations between England and America ? What appeared to 
he the aim of the mother country? What accusations were made? What "acts" 
had been strictlv enforced ? What other acts had been performed by the British 
government ? What was done to avert war ? What was at length concluded ? Was 
it satisfactory? 



1796.] 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 



179 



12. The treaty with Great Britain offended the French and 
the partisans of the French in America, and led to Ran- 
dolph's resignation of the department of State in which he 
had succeeded Jefferson. The procedure of James Monroe, 
who had been appointed ambassador to France, was more 
embarrassing. He professed attachment to French principles 
and interests, presented himself to the convention, was 
received with the fraternal embrace (14 Aug., 1794), and was 
rebuked by his own government for his " excess of fervor." 
He still pursued the same course, and was finally recalled 
(Sept., 1796), all his advances having failed to prevent the 
French government from ordering their cruisers to treat 
neutral ships as they were treated by the English. 

13. An expensive and unfortunate arrangement was made 
with the Dey of Algiers (al'jeers), whose piratical vessels 
plundered American ships in the Mediterranean, and enslaved 
their crews and passengers. To obtain peace and the release 
of the captives the treaty stipulated for the payment of 
$763,000, and an annual tribute of stores, at an expense of 
$48,000 (5 Sept., 1795). A frigate, costing $100,000, was 
afterward added. A more satisfactory treaty was made with 
Spain about the same time (20 Oct.), by which the bounda- 
ries of Florida and Louisiana were determined, and the free 
navigation of the Mississippi secured. 

14. Washington had reluctantly accepted the presidency 
a second time (1793). He was resolved to decline a third 
election, and signified this purpose in a farewell address (19 
Sept., 1796). He had safely guided his countrymen through 
the anxieties of the Revolutionary War, and the equal perils 
of peace under a new government. In his parting advice to 
them he urged the maintenance of " the unity of the govern- 
ment" as "amain pillar in the edifice of real independence; 

12. How did the French regard this treaty? What is said of the procedure of 
James Monroe ? For what was he rebuked ? 

1 3. What arrangement was made with the Dey of Algiers ? What with Spain ? 

14. What had Washington accepted the second time? What had he resolved to 
decline ? What wa« his parting advice ? What threat had been made ? 



180 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1799. 



the support of tranquillity at home ; peace abroad ; safety, 
prosperity, and liberty." He regretted "that any ground 
should be furnished for characterizing parties by geographi- 
cal discriminations — Northern and Southern, Atlantic and 
Western." He warned them against innovations on the prin- 
ciples of the Constitution, while retaining its forms ; and 
"against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally." 
The threat of dissolution had been often made already. 

15. John Adams of Massachusetts was elected the second 
president, and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia vice-president 
— a curious conjunction of opposite tempers, characters, and 
principles of policy. At the expiration of his term of office 
Washington withdrew to his home at Mount Vernon, and to 
the simple pursuits and enjoyments of country life in Vir- 
ginia. He bore with him the love and admiration of the 
people, and the reverence of cotemporaries, which has been 
exceeded by the regards of posterity. He did not long sur- 
vive, though once again summoned to the public service. 
He died as the century drew to a close (14 Dec, 1799), having 
merited the tribute paid by his friend and fellow-soldier, 
General Henry Lee, in the eulogy pronounced by request of 
Congress : " First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts 
of his countrymen." 

16. Washington transmitted to his successors the govern- 
ment firmly established, and the country rapidly increasing 
in population, prosperity, and wealth. The census had been 
taken in 1790, and the number of the people found to be 
3,925,827. They had been estimated at 2,803,000 in 1775 ; 
and were 5,305,925 at the second census in 1800. The reve- 
nue from customs and other sources had more than doubled ; 
the imports had risen from fifty-two to eighty-one millions, 
and the exports were trebled. The tonnage had increased 



15. Who was elected the second president? To what did Washington retire? 
When did he die ? What did General Henry Lee say of him ? 

16. In what condition did Washington leave the government ? How much had 
the population increased in ten years ? In what condition was the revenue ? Wha 
States had heen admitted ? 



1797.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF ADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 



181 



more than sixty per cent., notwithstanding the impediments 
due to British and French regulations. Agriculture was 
thriving, and was rapidly extending into the western terri- 
tories. Three new States had been admitted into the Union 
—Vermont (18 Feb., 1791), Kentucky (2 June, 1792), and 
Tennessee (1 June, 1796). 



CHAPTER II. 

Administrations of John Adams and Jefferson.— 
1797-1809. 

Summary,— \. Leader? of opposing factions elected. 2. Difficulties with France. 
3. Hostilities on the ocean. 4. Political ascendency lost by the Federalists. 5. 
Washington becomes the seat of government. 6. Jefferson elected president. 
7. Condition of the country. 8. Active measures taken against the u Barbary 
Powers." 9. Duel between Hamilton and General Burr.— Burr's subsequent 
career. 10. Exploration of western territory. 11. Trouble with England and 
France. 12. Interference by the British with American vessels. 13. Decided 
measures necessary to protect American vessels. — Dissensions at home. 14. 
Measures for war adopted.— Jefferson declined re-election. 15. Prosperity of 
the country. — Increase of population. 

1. John Adams, the new president, had been elected as the 
candidate of the Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, who became 
vice-president, was the representative and chief of the Repub- 
licans. The mode of election then prevailing thus united in 
the administration leaders of the opposing factions. Adams, 
however, did not adhere strictly to party obligations. 

2. The negotiations with France were now assuming an 
alarming aspect. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, the ambas- 
sador sent to take the place of Monroe, had been refused 
recognition, and ordered out of the country. Other indigni- 
ties were added, and American vessels were seized or plun- 
dered. Preparations were made for the increase of the small 



1. Who was elected president ? Who vice-president ? 

2. What promised serious difficulty with France? What preparations were made 
by the Uniied States ? Who were sent as special envoys ? Upon what conditions 
was their reception based ? Did the American envoys accede to them ? How did 
it result ? Who was again appointed commander-in-chief? 



182 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1801. 



navy of the United States, and for calling out eighty thou- 
sand militia. To avert hostilities, John Marshall, afterward 



dignation in the United States. The preparations for war 
were pushed forward, and General Washington w T as again 
appointed commander-in-chief (7 July, 1798). 

3. Hostilities commenced on the ocean, and w T ere never 
prosecuted on land. Decatur, in the Delaware of twenty guns, 
captured a French privateer (April, 1798). It was added to 
the navy and called the Retaliation ; but was soon retaken. 
Captain Truxton, in the Constellation, engaged and captured 
the French frigate which had taken the Retaliation in the pre- 
vious year (9 Feb., 1799). He also encountered and silenced 
a larger frigate, but it escaped (1 Feb., 1800). Fifty vessels 
became the prizes of American privateers before the war 
closed by a convention with Bonaparte (1 Oct., 1801), who 
had become first consul. 




chief-justice, and Eldridge 
Gerry (gher're) were joined 
with Pinckney as special 
envoys. They were denied 
an audience without the pre- 
vious payment of a large 
sum of money and other 
unworthy conditions (Oct., 
1797). Pinckney declared 
his readiness to give "mil- 
lions for defence, not a cent 



jp for tribute." Harsher pro- 
! ceedings against American 



JOI1N ADAJIS, 



commerce were ordered. The 
envoys, with the exception 
of Gersy, withdrew. These 
outrages kindled general in- 



3. Where did hostilities commence? What did Decatur capture? What other 
captures were made ? Who became first consul of France ? 



1804.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF ADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 183 



4. During the progress of these mingled hostilities and 
negotiations the Federalists had lost their political ascend- 
ency. Various causes had occasioned this result, among 
which might be included the disfavor with which the acts 
against aliens, and for the suppression of sedition, had been 
received (1798). A strong protest to these acts was offered 
by the Kentucky resolutions (26 Nov.), written by Jefferson, 
which were reaffirmed, with slight alterations, by the Virginia 
resolutions, written by Madison (Dec). These celebrated 
papers declared that the Federal Constitution is a compact 
between the States as States, and that " each party has an 
equal right to judge for itself, as well of infraction as of the 
mode and measure of redress." But these doctrines were 
repudiated by most of the other States. 

5. In accordance with the congressional enactment, the 




THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 



4. How had the Federalist? lost prestige? What had the "Virginia and Ken- 
tucky Resolutions' 1 declared ? 

5. To what place was the seat cf government removed ? 



184 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1804. 



seat of government was moved at the beginning of the new 
century to Washington, where a new city was commenced 
in the midst of the swamps and forests along the Potomac. 

6. Before peace was made, another election for president 
and vice-president had been held. The dissensions in the 
Federal party were fatal to its success. Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr received the largest number of votes ; but, as each re- 
ceived an equal number, the choice between the two fell to 
the House of Representatives. After thirty-six ballots Jeffer- 
son was elected president (17 Feb., 1804), Burr, of course, 
becoming vice-president. The recurrence of such uncer- 
tainty was prevented by an amendment to the Constitution 
(Amendment XII, 1804). 

7. Jefferson commenced his administration with profes- 
sions of moderation, which were at variance with his previous 

career, and which he little 
observed in his future con- 
duct. The country was 
prosperous, the power of 
the Federalists was broken, 
peace with France was in 
prospect, and the demo- 
cratic predilections for that 
republic had been weakened 
by the late events. The 
ambitious designs and the 
financial wants of Napo- 
leon inclined him to make 
peace, and to invite pro- 
posals from the United 
States for the purchase of 
Louisiana, which had been retroceded by Spain (1 Oct., 1800). 

6. What was held before peace had been made ? What effect had the dissensions 
in the Federal party? Give an account of the election for president and vice-presi- 
dent. What was added to the Constitution ? 

7. How did Jefferson commence his administration? In what condition was the 
country? What proposals were made to Napoleon? Were they accepted? On 
what terms ? 




1805.] AD MINIS TEA TIONS OF ADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 1 85 



There were urgent reasons for the purchase, though its con- 
stitutionality might be denied. It was effected by Livingston 
and Monroe for fifteen millions of dollars, on easy terms of 
payment (30 April, 1803). 

8. The return of peace enabled the United States to employ 
its little navy in chastizing the increasing exactions and in- 
solence of the Barbary Powers. A squadron was despatched 
to the Mediterranean under Commodore Preble. The Em- 
peror of Morocco was soon brought to terms (6 Oct,, 1803), 
and Preble prepared to act against Tripoli, which two years 
previously had declared war. The Philadelphia (Captain 
Bainbridge) was stranded on a sunken rock near the harbor, 
and was captured with her officers and crew (31 Oct.). It 
was burnt in port by the dexterity and daring of Lieutenant 
Decatur (16 Feb., 1804). The city was blockaded, and five 
times bombarded by Preble, but without result. The evening 
after the last bombardment, a small vessel was sent into the 
harbor as a floating mine to destroy the Tripolitan cruisers. 
In the darkness of the night a column of fire rose suddenly 
from the bay, a loud explosion was heard, and nothing more 
was ever known of the Intrepid, or of the bold hearts that 
perished with her (4 Sept.). The next danger to the block- 
aded city was threatened from another side. Captain Eaton, 
the American Consul at Tunis, in conjunction with Hamet, 
the elder brother of the Dey of Tripoli, led a promiscuous 
horde of adventurers from Alexandria, in Egypt, and cap- 
tured Derne (der'ne), with the assistance of the fleet, now 
under Commodore Barron (27 April, 1805). Further suc- 
cesses or hazards were prevented by a treaty of peace (4 June). 
Tunis retracted the menace of hostility on the appearance of 
the American fleet (1 Aug.). 

9. The bitterness of party animosity had not been allayed 

8. What did the return of peace enable the United States to do? What was de- 
spatched to The Mediterranean ? Give an account of the contest between the Ameri- 
can and Barbary Powers. 

9. Had party animosity been allayed in America ? Where was it peculiarly mani- 
fested ? Between what persons was a duel fought? What was Burrs subsequent 
career ? 



186 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1806 



by Jefferson's soothing expressions. It was manifested with 
peculiar violence in the New York elections. Burr, still 
vice-president, was a candidate for the governor's chair, but 
w\as defeated, and ascribed his failure to the influence of 
Hamilton. Availing himself of a slight pretext, he challenged 
him, and killed him in a duel fought at Weehawken (11 July, 
1804). The melancholy death of this eminent statesman, in 
the prime and pride of life, with the circumstances which 
attended it, rendered Burr odious to the majority of his 
fellow-citizens. At the new elections Jefferson was chosen 
president a second time, but Governor Clinton's name w r as 
substituted for Burr's for the vice-presidency. At the close 
of his official term Burr proceeded to the West, and engaged 
in suspicious schemes, drawing by his brilliant talents and 
persuasive manners many prominent persons into his plans. 
It is unknown whether he designed the conquest of part of 
Mexico, or the separation of the Western States and Terri- 
tories from the Union, and their creation into a new republic, 
with himself at its head. Projects of a similar character 
had been previously entertained. His proceedings attracted 
the notice of the government. He was arrested and carried 
to Richmond (1807), where the late vice-president was con- 
fined with common malefactors in the common jail. He was 
tried before Chief- Justice Marshall, and acquitted; but he 
left the judgment hall a desperate and ruined man. He died 
in 1836, in the eighty-first year of his age. 

10. Some acquaintance with the vast territory acquired 
from France, and regarded by Burr as favorable for a new 
republic, was obtained by an expedition sent out under 
Lewis and Clarke (1804). Starting from St. Louis (sent loo'e), 
and exposed to hardships, difficulties, and dangers, they 
penetrated the unexplored wilderness of the West, visited 
the numerous tribes of untamed savages on the route, 
crossed the Rocky Mountains near the boundary of the 



10. W T hat expedition was made by Lewis and Clarke ? What part of the country 
did they traverse ? How long were they in doing- it ? 



1807.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF ADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 187 



United States, descended the Columbia river, and returned 
after an absence of more than two years. 

11. Jefferson's second term of office was disturbed by con- 
troversies and negotiations with both England and France. 
Each was anxious to render American commerce tributary 
to its own schemes in the deadly warfare raging between 
them. British Orders in Council and Imperial Decrees inter- 
fered with the neutral rights claimed by the United States^ 
and inflicted arbitrary restrictions and wrongs on the trade 
and marine of the young and energetic commonwealth. 
Jay's treaty with Great Britain left unsettled the main 
points of dispute with that kingdom — the impressment of 
British sailors on board of American vessels, and the demand 
for the freedom from capture of neutral goods. The manner 
in which the British orders were executed was even more 
offensive than the orders themselves, or the principles on 
which they were maintained. Complaints multiplied, and 
indignation was inflamed. 

12. American ships were boarded and searched on the high 
seas by British cruisers. Seamen were taken from them, on 
the ground or pretence that they were British subjects. Ves- 
sels were captured and condemned as prizes for real or 
alleged violations of the restrictions of neutral trade, pre- 
scribed by British cabinets and expounded by British 
courts of admiralty. Negotiation was vain. It was met 
with entire disregard, with obstinate resistance, with provok- 
ing delays or evasions, and with manifest contempt. This 
arrogance reached an intolerable height when the Chesa- 
peake was pursued, halted off the Capes of Virginia, fired into, 
and boarded by the British frigate Leopard (22 June, 1807). 
Four of the crew were claimed as deserters from the British 
service. The British ministry disavowed the act, but no 
redress was given for five years. 

11. By what was Jefferson's second term disturbed? What is said of "British 
Orders ?" What had Jay's treaty left unsettled ? 

12. What was done on the high seas ? How was negotiation received ? How did 
British anogance reach its height ? 



188 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1807. 



13. To give weight to negotiation, a Non-Importation Act 
had been passed in the preceding year, but more decided 
measures now seemed requisite. The president ordered the 
immediate departure of British war-vessels from American 
waters, and prohibited all intercourse with them (2 July). 
The British government refused to consider any new treaty 
on the basis of one recently rejected by the president ; and 
Congress, to avoid the hazards due to the conflicting meas- 
ures of England and France, passed an Embargo Act 
(18 Dec), forbidding the departure of vessels from Ameri- 
can harbors. It was unavailing, but disastrous, and was 
evaded in various modes. It was violently opposed by the 
Federalists, and by those sections of the country whose pros- 
perity was dependent upon maritime commerce, and whose 
wealth had rapidly increased during the great war in 
Europe, despite the losses and outrages to which the neu- 
tral trade was subjected. This antagonism produced a divi- 
sion into war and anti-war parties — which named each other 
respectively the French and the British party. 

14. Measures were adopted to prepare for war, which 
might occur at any time with Great Britain or France. But 
the war, which was always in prospect, did not break out 
during Jefferson's administration. Following the example 
of Washington, he declined being a candidate a third time, 
and retired to his home at Monticello (mon-te-ts/iel'lo), where 
he lived till 4 July, 1826, and where he died on the fiftieth 
anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, and on the 
same day with his predecessor in the presidency and his 
rival, John Adams. 

15. Troubled as Jefferson's second term had been, the 
country had made signal advances under him. Louisiana 



1 3. What seemed necessary ? What did the president order ? What did Congress 
pass ? How did it affect the country ? 

14. What was adopted ? What did Jefferson decline ? When did he die ? 

15. What advances had the country made under his rule? What State had heen 
admitted ? To what had steam been applied ? By whom ? What was the popula- 
tion of the country ? 



1809.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



189 



had been acquired by purchase, and Ohio had become one of 
the States of the Union (1802). Steam had been success- 
fully applied 
to naviga- 
tion by the 
genius of 
Robert Ful- 
ton (1807). 
Industry 
had flourish- 
ed ; and the 
third census 
(1810) ex- 
hibited a 
population 
of 7,239,814. 




MONTICELLO. 



CHAPTER III. 

President Madison's Administration, and the War 
with Great Britain. — 1809-1813. 

Summary*— 1. James Madison as President. %. Relations with England and 
France. 3. Failure of negotiations. — Seizure of American seamen. 4. War- 
fare with the Indians. 5. War with England declared. 6. First campaign of 
the war of 1812. 7. General Hull's expedition. 8. Second attempt at invasion of 
Canada. — Disasters on land. 9. Naval exploits. 10. Co-operation of land and 
naval forces. — Madison re-elected. 11. Second campaign. 12. Operations in 
the West. — Indian atrocities. 13. General Harrison besieged. 14. Movemenjs 
on the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. — Attack upon Toronto. 15. American 
supremacy upon Lake Erie. 16. The British attack Fort George. 17. A cam- 
paign planned by the Secretary of War. — Causes of its failure. 18. Naval en- 
gagement. 19. American successes limited. — Attacks by the British. 20. War 
with the Creeks threatened. — Czar of Russia proffers mediation for peace. 

1. James Madison of Virginia succeeded Jefferson in the 
presidency (4 March, 1809), and Clinton was re-elected 



1. Who was elected president? Who, vice-president? What experience had 
Madison in government affairs ? How was he regarded ? 



190 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1809. 



vice-president. Madison had much experience of public 
affairs, and was familiar with the machinery of the govern- 
ment. He had been secretary of state for the last eight 
years ; but he was timid and irresolute, and was deemed by 
many of his own party unequal to the perilous times which 
seemed to be at hand. 

2. Jefferson left the government surrounded with difficul- 
ties. The relations with England and France were equally 

unsatisfactory, and al- 
most equally manacing. 
There was danger of war 
with either power, and 
the measures adopted to 
avoid it were damaging 
to the United States 
without securing redress. 
The embargo was par- 
tially repealed (27 Feb., 
1809). It had excited 
angry resistance, espe- 
cially in New England. 
The legislature of Mas- 
sachusetts obstructed its 
enforcement, and John 
Quincy Adams declared 
that the object of the leaders of the opposition was, and had 
been for several years, a dissolution of the Union and the 
establishment of a separate confederacy. When the em- 
bargo was repealed, other enactments, as annoying and as 
futile, were adopted, suspended, revived, and modified. 

3. Protracted negotiations only increased irritation. The 
grievance which ultimately became most prominent, because 

2. In what condition had Jefferson left the government ? What relations were in 
an unsatisfactory condition ? What danger threatened the republic ? What had been 
done with Ihe embargo ? What d?d Adams declare ? 

3. What increased irritation ? What was the most prominent grievance ? What 
was Captain Rodgers ordered to do ? How did his action affoct the condition of 
affairs ? 




PRESIDENT MADISON. 



1811.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



191 



most readily understood by the masses of the people, was 
the forcible seizure of seamen. Six thousand sailors, claim- 
ing to be American citizens, were alleged to have been taken 
from American ships. Captain Rodgers was ordered to sea in 
the President to redress a flagrant outrage of this kind. He 
chased and overtook a British frigate, which proved to be 
The Little Belt. An engagement took place, in which the 
latter suffered severely (16 May, 1811). Contradictory 
statements in regard to the action were made by the officers 
of the two vessels. Each government credited the report of 
its own servants, and approved their conduct. The bitter- 
ness of feeling was increased in both countries by the 
transaction. Another year, however, elapsed before the 
declaration of war. 

4. During the interval a successful warfare* had. been 
waged against the Indians in the Northwest. British 
officers and agents had been tampering with them, and 
arousing passions which had been suppressed since Wayne's 
victory. By the pretensions and impostures of the Shaw- 
anee " prophet," and still more by the energy and ability of 
his brother, Tecumseh (te-cum'se), " the flying tiger," many 
tribes were united in a league to resist the encroachment of 
"the pale-faces." Tecumseh devised a treacherous plot to 
seize General Harrison, the governor of Indiana Territory, 
in a conference at Vincennes (1810). He was foiled. After a 
second conference (1811) he went southward to gain the 
Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws for his league. In his ab- 
sence General Harrison marched against the Prophet's town 
on the Wabash {w aw' bosh) at its junction with the Tippe- 
canoe {tip 1 pe-can-od). As he approached he was met with 
professions of peace and declarations of the Prophet's readi- 
ness to sign a treaty next day. Before day the American 
camp was stealthily surrounded and furiously assailed. 

4. What had been done in the Northwest during this time ? What had the 
British officers done ? What plot did Tecumseh devise ? Was it successful ? What 
tribes did he seek to gain ? Give an account of the meeting of the Indians with 
General Harrison, and its result. 

6£ 



192 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1812. 



Charge after charge was repulsed. When the daylight 
came the Indians were driven from the woods and pursued 
into the swamps (7 Nov., 1811). The battle was a very- 
bloody one : sixty-two Americans were killed and one hun- 
dred and twenty-six wounded. The village at Tippecanoe 
was found deserted, and was burnt. 

5. Reparation was at length made (1812) for the insult 
offered by the attack of the Leopard on the Chesapeake five 
years before ; but there was no revocation yet of the Orders 
in Council under which nine hundred American vessels had 
been captured, and no satisfaction could be obtained in regard 
to impressment. Even when the orders were revoked, so f&r 
as America was concerned (23 June), it was declared im- 
possible " to suspend the exercise of the right of impressment, 
upon which the naval strength of the empire mainly depends." 
Mr. Madison was induced, by the threat of not being re- 
nominated at the approaching presidential election, to recom- 
mend Congress to authorize war. A bill for this purpose 
was passed by a vote of seventy-nine to forty-nine in the 
House (4 June), and of nineteen to thirteen in the Senate 
(17 June), and war was accordingly proclaimed (19 June) ; 
but not without a strong protest from the Federal party, 
asserting France to have been a greater aggressor than Great 
Britain. 

War of 1812 with Great Britain. 

6. The main effort was directed to the prosecution of the 
war on land. The conquest of Canada, which was supposed 
to be in sympathy with the United States, had been presented 
as a strong inducement for engaging in hostilities. From 
the outbreak of the Revolutionary War there had been an 
eager desire to attach the other British possessions in North 

5. What redress did the British government offer? What was withheld 5* By 
what was Madison induced to declare war ? Who protested against the declaration 
of war ? 

6. To what was the main effort directed ? What had been presented as a motive 
for hostility ? For what was the campaign especially formed ? Who took charge 
of the various operations ? 



1812.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



193 



America to the Union. The campaign for the year was 
framed specially for the acquisition of these provinces. 
General Dearborn was appointed commander-in-chief, and 
controlled the operations between Lake Erie and Lake Cham- 
plain. General Van Rensselaer had charge, under him, of the 
Niagara frontier. General Hull, the governor of Michigan, 
conducted the war in that quarter. 

7. General Hull's instructions did not reach him for three 
weeks after the declaration of hostilities. He then crossed 
the Detroit river (12 July) and advanced upon Maiden 
(mol'den). He moved so slowly and with such hesitation, 
that the enemy had time to prepare for effectual resistance. 
Fort Michilimackinae (-mack' in-aw) was taken (17 July) ; 
Brant and his Mohawks, Tecumseh and the tribes attached 
to him, joined the British ; Major Van Horne and a detach- 
ment sent to escort provisions, had been defeated with loss 
(5 Aug.) ; and General Brock was rapidly approaching. Sur- 
rounded on all sides by dangers, known and unknown, Hull 
withdrew from Canada, and returned to Detroit (8 Aug.), 
which he surrendered to Brock, after a brief bombardment, 
through apprehension of Indian atrocities in case of continued 
and unavailing resistance (16 Aug.). He was tried by a 
court-martial, and sentenced to be shot for cowardice and 
neglect of duty; but was pardoned by the president on 
account of his services in the Revolution. 

8. The second attempt at invasion took place at the other 
end of Lake Erie. Operations had been delayed by an 
armistice made by General Dearborn with Sir George Prevost 
(pre-vo'), the governor of Canada (9-29 Aug.), which had 
been disavowed by the American government. Troops were 
collected at Lewiston, and an attack was ordered on the 
British force at Queenstown on the opposite side of the 

•7. When did Hull's instructions reach him? How did he move ? What fort was 
taken ? What Indian tribes joined the British ? What action did Hull take ? What 
was done with him ? 

8. Where was the second attempt at invasion made? Give an account of it. 
What were the only successes on the frontier ? What Indian atrocity took place ? 

9 



194 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1812. 



Niagara river. The assailants were exposed to a galling fire 
in crossing; many boats were carried away by the current; 
but the assault on the heights was gallantly led by Captain 
Wool, and the British were driven back (13 Oct.). Captain 
Wool was desperately wounded. Colonel Winfield Scott 
came over as a volunteer, and took command. General 
Brock, who brought up British re-enforcements, was killed. 
Other re-enforcements followed. The Americans were over- 
powered, and were compelled to surrender. The militia on 
the western shore refused to cross over, as they could not be 
constitutionally ordered into a foreign country. General 
Van Rensselaer turned over the troops to General Alexander 
Smythe, the second in command (24 Oct.), by whom an 
ineffectual effort was made to renew the invasion from Buffalo. 
Smythe was removed from the service. The only successes 
of the year on the northern frontier were the repulse of the 
British at Sackett's Harbor (29 July), and Ogdensburg 
(4 Oct.), the capture of a small British force at the Indian 
village of St. Regis (22 Oct.), and the defence of Fort Wayne 
(5-12 Sept.). To the melancholy events of this year must be 
added the atrocious massacre by the Pottawatomies (pot'to- 
wot'to-mees) of nearly all the garrison and other occupants of 
Fort Dearborn, on the present site of Chicago (15 Aug.). 

9. Some consolation for the disasters on land was found in 
the unexpected trophies gained by the skill and daring of the 
navy. It had been proposed to insure the safety of the ves- 
sels of war by laying them up in port ; but better counsels 
prevailed, and many gallant exploits at sea revived hope, 
and added a brilliant page to the history of the United States. 
The American frigate Essex (carrying thirty-two guns), with 
the motto " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights'' flying at the 
mast-head, put to sea, and took the British sloop-of-war Alert 
(18) (13 Aug.). The Constitution (44), Captain Hull, after a 



9. What, in a measure, compensated for these disasters ? What had the Essex 
accomplished ? what, the Constitution ? what, the Wasp ? Where did the Constitu- 
tion go ? What was the most notable circumstance in these engagements ? 



1813.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



195 



most remarkable escape from a squadron by which it was sur- 
rounded, fell in with the Guerriere (glier-yare') (38), and took 
her after a short but severe contest (19 Aug.). The prize 
was so much injured that she was burnt the next day. The 
Wasp (18) chased, overtook, and boarded the Frolic (20), in- 
flicting a loss of ninety killed and wounded, with only five 
killed and five wounded of its own men (18 Oct.) ; but the 
prize was recaptured in two hours. A week later, Decatur, 
in the United States (44), fell in with the Macedonian (36) 
off the island of Madeira (mad ee'ra), and compelled her to 
surrender after an action of two hours, and a loss of thirty- 
six killed and sixty-eight wounded (25 Oct.). The Constitu- 
tion had put to sea again under the command of Captain 
Bainbridge, and near San Salvador, in Brazil, engaged, crip- 
pled, and captured the Java (jah'va) (38) (29 Dec). The 
British frigate was so much shattered that it was set on fire 
and destroyed. The most notable circumstance in these ac- 
tions was the superior efficiency of the American fire, the 
consequent disproportion of injury inflicted, and the dexterity 
with which the American vessels were handled. By the end 
of the year three hunderd prizes had been taken by the pub- 
lic ships and privateers of the United States. 

10. The want of naval co-operation had been felt in the 
disastrous transactions on the Detroit and Niagara rivers ; 
and confidence in the naval service had been produced by 
the successful gallantry of American commanders at sea. It 
was accordingly resolved to place flotillas on Lakes Erie 
and Ontario. Active measures were taken for this purpose 
under Captain Chauncey (tshan'sy) and Lieutenant Elliott, 
and other preparations were made for the next campaign. 
Madison had received the reward of his adhesion to the war 
policy, and had been re-elected president, w r ith Gerry as vice- 
president, in place of Clinton, who was dead. 



1 0. Where was the want of naval co-operation felt ? What was it resolved to do ? 
What had Madison received ? 



196 



HISTORY OF THE V NIT ED STATES. 



[1813. 



11. The second campaign was conceived on the same 
general plan as the first. The conquest of Canada was the 
chief aim, and the military movements were combined for 
the capture of Montreal. Greater efforts were made on both 
sides for the continuance of the struggle. The British hoped 
"to chastize the Americans into submission." They blockaded 
the coasts, and ravaged the shores from Boston to Charles- 
ton. The Americans set three armies on foot — the army of 
the West under General Harrison, the army of the Centre, 
and the army of the North, both at first under General Dear- 
born, who still remained commander-in-chief. 

12. The operations of the year commenced in the West. 
On the fall of Detroit, General Harrison collected volunteers 
for its recapture, but winter arrived before anything had 
been accomplished. General Winchester, who was at Fdrt 
Defiance on the Maumee, sent a detachment to drive the Brit- 
ish from the River Raisin. It marched over the ice of Lake 
Erie, and fulfilled its mission (18 Jan., 1813). Winchester 
arrived with re-enforcements, and was attacked by British 
regulars and Indians under Colonel Proctor (22 Jan.). The 
Americans were routed. Winchester and his second in com- 
mand were taken prisoners. The rest surrendered on Proc- 
tor's promise of safety and protection. The pledge was not 
observed. Plundering commenced before the surrender was 
completed ; and next day the Indians burnt up sick and 
wounded in two of the houses, threw the maimed into the 
flames, tomahawked and scalped many others of the cap- 
tives, without being checked by Proctor. The number of 
the killed and missing was nearly two hundred : only thirty- 
three made their escape out of one thousand. " The Massacre 
of the River Raisin" excited a stern purpose of revenge 
throughout the West. 

1 1 . Upon what was the second campaign formed ? W T hat did the British hope to 
do ? What action did they take for its accomplishment ? What did the Americans 
set on foot ? 

1 2. Where did the operations commence ? Give an account of the progress of 
this campaign. What was excited on account of the the ''Massacre of the River 
Raisin ?" 



1813.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



197 



13. General Harrison erected a strong fort at the Maumee 
Rapids, and called it Fort Meigs. Here he was besieged by 
Proctor, and a large body of Indians under Tecumseh (1-5 
May). He was relieved from his peril by the arrival of Gen- 
eral Clay with a considerable force ; but eight hundred men 
under Colonel Dudley, detached against the British batteries 
on the further bank of the river, were cut to pieces or cap- 
tured. Twenty of them were massacred after surrendering. 
The slaughter was arrested by Tecumseh — not by Proctor. 
Another attempt on the fort was made (20 July). Tecumseh 
endeavored to draw the garrison from their defences by a 
stratagem, but failed. An attack was next made on Fort 
Stephenson (2 Aug.) ; but it was repelled by Major Croghan 
(cro'an), a young officer, only twenty-one years of age. 

14. Active movements had been proceeding along the St. 
Lawrence and Lake Ontario. A party of British traversed 
the river on the ice, and took Ogdensburg, but retired after 
plundering the town (22 Feb.). General Dearborn and 
General Pike crossed Lake Ontario with seventeen hundred 
men, and made a descent on Toronto, or York (27 April). 
When the British were driven back they blew up the maga- 
zine. General Pike was killed, and two hundred more were 
either killed or wounded by the falling stones and timbers. 
Toronto was taken, and the spoil was valued at half a million 
of dollars. Fort George was the next object of attack. The 
flotilla under Chauncey and Perry lent effectual aid. A 
severe engagement occurred at the place of landing, when the 
van was gallantly led by Colonel Winfield Scott (27 May). 
Fort George and the other posts on the river were abandoned ; 
and the British retreated toward Burlington Heights. They 
were followed after some delay; but two hours after mid- 

1 3. Where did General Harrison erect a fort ? By whom was he besieged ? Who 
arrested the slaughter ? What other attacks were made ? 

14. Where had active movements been taking place ? Who made a descent on 
Toronto? How did it result? What was the next point of attack? Who aided 
the attack ? To what point did the British retreat ? What occurred after their re- 
treat ? Where did the British occupy a strong position ? Who was directed to dis- 
lodge them ? How did they succeed ? What is said of the attack on Burlingtou 
Heights ? What had been accomplished ? 



198 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1813. 



night (6 June) the pursuers were surprised at Stony Creek. 
Notwithstanding the suddenness of the attack and the dark- 
ness, a bold resistance was made. The American command- 
ers, General Chandler and General Winder were captured in 
the confusion ; Vincent, the British general, lost himself in 
the woods. The action was indecisive, but the Americans 
withdrew, leaving their dead behind them. The British 
occupied a strong position at the Beaver Dams. Colonel 
Bcerstler (borst'ler) was directed to dislodge them. His de- 
tachment was assailed in flank and rear by John Brant and 
the Indians. A retreat was commenced. A small body of 
militia appeared. Boerstler halted. Lieutenant Fitzgibbon 
came up with forty or fifty British regulars, and demanded a 
surrender. The demand was agreed to, and live hundred and 
forty-two men stacked their arms as prisoners of war (24 
June). An attack on Burlington Heights being found by 
Chauncey and Scott to be hopeless, they sailed down the 
lake and took Toronto (31 July). The barracks, store- 
houses, and eleven transports were burnt, and a large quan- 
tity of provisions was carried off. About this time General 
Dearborn was superseded by General Wilkinson. 

15. Little success had attended this second invasion of 
Canada, but a change took place when the Americans ac- 
quired supremacy on Lake Erie. A small fleet had been con- 
structed by Perry. He encountered the British squadron of 
six vessels near the western end of the lake (10 Sept.), and 
captured it after a severe engagement conducted with equal 
skill and daring. He communicated his victory to General 
Harrison by the laconic message, " We have met the enemy, 
and they are ours." The victorious vessels bore Harrison 
across the lake. Maiden was found deserted and in flames. 
Harrison pursued Proctor and overtook him on the river 



15. Had the second invasion of Canada been successful? What had Perry con- 
structed 'i What did he encounter ? What laconic message did he send to Harrison ? 
What did Harrison do ? What disasters had been retrieved ? From what place 
had Scott been withdrawn ? 



1813.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



199 



Thames. The British regulars, about eight hundred in num- 
ber, were broken by the first charge, and nearly all surren- 
dered in five minutes. The Indians were put to flight in twice 
that time. Tecumseh lay among the dead (5 Oct.) ; Colonel 
Proctor escaped in his carriage, but soon had to abandon it 
and to seek safety in the woods. The disasters of Hull were 
retrieved. Harrison was ordered to join Wilkinson on the 
St. Lawrence, and was not allowed to follow up the advan- 
tage gained. Scott had been in like manner withdrawn from 
Niagara. 

16. The British profited by this reduction of force round 
Lake Erie, and marched against Fort George. General 
McClure of the New York militia attempted to blow it up, 
but failed to do so in his precipitate desertion. He suc- 
ceeded in firing and destroying the little village of Newark, 
and left its inhabitants shivering and without food to the 
inclemency of a Canadian winter (10 Dec). The cruelty was 
cruelly avenged. Fort George was occupied by the British. 
They crossed the river in the night, advanced on Fort Ni- 
agara, found its gates open, and took it while most of the 
garrison were asleep (19 Dec). Many unresisting captives 
were bayoneted in revenge for the burning of Newark. 
General Riall crossed the river higher up, sacked Lewiston, 
and devastated the American frontier for a distance of 
thirty-six miles. The Indians massacred the inhabitants 
without restraint. 

17. On the line of the St. Lawrence a great project had 
resulted only in lamentable failure. Armstrong, the secre- 
tary of war, had conceived a scheme for the capture of 
Montreal, and directed General Wilkinson and General 
Hampton, who commanded at Lake Champlain, to execute 
it. Armstrong's views conflicted with Wilkinson's, and 

16. By what did the British profit? What did General McClure do? How was 
this act avenged ? 

IT. What was the result of the project on the line of the St. Lawrence? What 
scheme had the secretary of war formed ? What was the result ? Who had been 
expected to take part in this invasion ? How was he deceived ? What action was 
taken in regard to him ? 



200 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1814. 



Hampton insisted that he had a separate command. In con- 
sequence of these disagreements Armstrong transferred the 
war department to the field, and appeared at Sackett's 
Harbor to take the supreme direction of the enterprise (5 
Sept.). The troops were embarked on the eve of a stormy 
night (17 Oct.). The cumbrous and ill-freighted vessels were 
scattered by the tempest of wind, and rain, and sleet, and 
were bewildered in the darkness. The shores were covered 
with wrecks. A large part of the force was disembarked 
above Ogdensburg, and marched down the Canadian bank. 
They were met by a slightly superior British force at Chrys- 
ler's {kris'ler^s) Field (11 Nov.). A hotly contested action 
of five hours took place in the snow and the sleet. The am- 
munition of the Americans was expended, and they with- 
drew under cover of night. General Hampton had been 
expected to take part in the invasion. He advanced from 
Chateaugay (shat'd-ga), but was deluded by a British strat- 
agem, and returned. Next spring Wilkinson renewed the 
invasion, but was discreditably repulsed at La Colle [la col') 
(30 March, 1814), and was removed from command. He 
was brought before a court-martial, but was acquitted, as he 
proved that he had acted under the orders of the secretary 
of war. 

18. The decisive victory gained by Perry on Lake Erie 
has been noticed. Perry went into the battle with the dying 
words of Captain Lawrence flying as his motto. Lawrence 
had opened the year at sea with a brilliant success, soon fol- 
lowed by a more brilliant disaster. Off the mouth of the 
River Demerara he had borne down in the Hornet (18) upon 
the Peacock (18), and poured shot into her with such rapidity 
and effect that in fifteen minutes she had struck her colors, 
being already in a sinking condition (24 Feb.). Captain 
Lawrence was promoted to the command of the Chesapeake 



18. With whose words did Perry go into action? How had he opened the year? 
In what condition was the New England coast ? Who challenged Lawrence ? Give 
the progress and results of this engagement. 



1814.] 



MADISON'S A D. MIX IS TEA TION. 



201 



(38), a charge reluctantly accepted, because the vessel was 
considered unlucky. The New England coast was at this 
time closely blockaded. Captain Broke of the Shannon (38), 
one of the blockaders, challenged Lawrence to fight, ship to 
ship. Between five and six o'clock in the summer evening 
(1 June), the combat took place about thirty miles from 




CAPTAIN LAWRENCE AND THE CHESAPEAKE. 



Boston. The Chesapeake was crippled in her rigging, and 
exposed to the raking fire of her adversary. Her chief 
officers were struck down. Lawrence was mortally wounded. 
His last orders were, " Don't give up the ship ; fight her till 
she sinks." The British boarded, with Broke at their head. 
The resistance was shortened by the treachery of a Portu- 
guese sailor. In fifteen minutes the Chesapeake was the 
prize of the Shannon, and was carried to Halifax (7 June). 

9* 



202 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1814. 



19. The American successes at sea were few, and great 
injury was inflicted by the superiority of the British fleet along 
the blockaded coasts. The frigate Constellation was shut 
up at Norfolk. The United States and Macedonian escaped 
from New York, but were sealed up at New London (1 June). 
Decatur's attempt to get to sea was betrayed by raising blue 
lights as a signal to the blockaders. This treachery was 
ascribed to the party opposed to the war, who were in con- 
sequence reviled as "Blue Light Federalists." Admiral 
Cockburn (co'bum) bombarded, plundered, and fired Lewis- 
town, at the mouth of Delaware Bay (10 April), and 
repeated the outrage at Frenchtown (29 April), Havre de 
Grace (ha'ver de grass) (3 May), Frederickton and 
Georgetown, at the head of the Chesapeake. Admiral 
Warren brought additional ships and land troops, and pro- 
ceeded against Norfolk. He was arrested by the fortifications 
at Craney Island, which protects the harbor, and by the 
vigorous resistance of the sailors from the Constellation, and 
the Virginia militia under General Robert Taylor (22 June). 
After this repulse the British assailed Hampton, routed the 
force opposed to them (25 June), plundered the village, and 
committed the most shameful atrocities. The outrages on 
the shores of the Chesapeake, in this and the ensuing year, 
were ascribed chiefly to Sir George Cockburn. 

20. In the Southern Territory a bloody war had broken out 
with the Creeks, but its consideration must be postponed, as it 
was not closed till the next season. The notice of the proffered 
mediation of the Czar of Russia, and of the steps taken to 
negotiate for peace (8 March), must, for the like reason, be 
deferred. 



1 9. By what had great injury been inflicted ? How was Decatur betrayed ? What 
did Cockburn do ? What, Admiral Warren ? What did the British do at Hampton ? 

20. What had broken out in the southern territory ? What had the Czar of Rus- 
sia proffered ? 



1814.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 



203 



CHAPTER IV. 

Madison's Administration, and the War with Great 
Britain, continued. — 1 8 1 4-1 5. 

Summary. — 1. Spirit of the American people. — Condition of the country. 2. War 
with the Creeks. 3. Massacre by the Indians. — Relief from GeneralJackson. — 
Exploit of Weathersford. 4. Further movements by Jackson. — Termination of 
the Indian warfare. 5. Northern campaign. 6. Success of the Northern army. 
7. Blockade of the seaboard. — Washington burnt. 8. Baltimore assailed.— Star- 
Spangled Banner composed. 9. Object of the attack on Washington and Balti- 
more.— War at the South.— Jackson's measures to defend New Orleans. 10. 
Nature of the invasion of Louisiana.— Its progress. 11. Judge Hall arrested 
and expelled by Jackson. — Arrest of Jackson 12. Condition of the vessels and 
commerce of the United States. — Career of the Essex. 13. Condition of the 
country. — Hartford Convention. 14. Mediation offered by the Czar of Russia. — 
Treaty at Ghent. 15. Decatur sent to Algiers. 16. Tranquillity restored.— 
Measures adopted for the prosperity of the country. 17. Prosperity of the 
country. — Louisiana and Indiana annexed to the Union. 

1. The Americans bad gained but little decisive advantage 
thus far, but their spirit was fully aroused, and great efforts 
were made for the more successful conduct of a third cam- 
paign. The commerce and carrying trade of the country 
had been almost destroyed, the revenue reduced to a third of 
its former amount, and onerous taxes required and imposed. 
These burdens increased the opposition to the war in the 
commercial districts of the country, especially in !N~ew 
England ; and dissatisfaction became more violent when the 
British were enabled to augment their forces in America 
in consequence of the dethronement of Napoleon (11 April, 
1814). 

2. While the rigors of winter delayed the resumption of 
hostilities on the Canada line, war was actively waged in the 
south with the Creeks. Tecumseh had visited them a second 
time after the surrender of Detroit, and had aroused them 



1. Had the Americans gained much thus far? What new efforts were made? In 
what condition was commerce and trade ? What effect had this upon the people ? 
How were the British enabled to increase their forces in America ? 

2. What prevented hostilities along the Canadian line ? With whom was war 
actively waged ? What had aroused the Indians ? Were the Creeks united ? 



204 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1813. 



by his eloquent harangues. The big warrior of Toockabatcha 
(took'd-bat'shd) resisted both his persuasions and his denun- 
ciations. But the Creek tribes were divided : those west of 
the Chattahoochee (tshat'ta-hoot'she) took up arms ; those in 
Southwestern Georgia applied to the United States for pro- 
tection and aid. 

3. The first great horror of the war was the capture of Fort 
Minims, on the Alabama {al-a-bah ! ma) river (30 Aug., 1813), 
by Weathersford, a powerful Creek chief, and the massacre 
of the defenders and occupants — men, women, and children, 
who had sought refuge there from impending dangers. The 
war was conducted with savage atrocity. General Claiborne 
pushed forward from Mississippi and Louisiana, but was 
checked by the orders of his superior. General Andrew 
Jackson descended from the north at the head of volunteers 
from Tennessee. General Floyd came from the east with 
Georgians and friendly Indians. The war was brought to a 
triumphant issue mainly by the fierce energy and merciless 
resolution of General Jackson. Surmounting all obstacles — 
and they were numerous — he rushed to the carnage. General 
Coffee was ordered to Tallasehatche (tal'as-e-hatch'e), and 
fell on the Creek warriors, drove them back to their cabins, 
and slew them (3 Nov., 1813). Every warrior was killed, 
and the town destroyed. Jackson hurried to Talladega 
(tal'd-dee-ga), with two thousand infantry and eight hundred 
cavalry, to relieve a small body of friendly Creeks besieged 
by one thousand kindred savages. In fifteen minutes the 
besiegers were routed, and two hundred and ten were killed 
(9 Nov.). General Floyd burnt Autosse (aw-toss r ee) 9 slaughter- 
ing two hundred of the Indians (24 Nov.). General Clai- 
borne, with one thousand men, including Choctaws under 
Pushmataha (push' 'mat- a-haw), penetrated the heart of the 
Creek country, routed Weathersford, and destroyed the 



3. What was the first great horror of the war? How was the war conducted? 
Describe the course of General Jackson. What did General Floyd do ? Describe 
the exploit of Weathersford. 



1814.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



205 



large village of Eccanachaca {ek-kan 1 a-tshah'kah) ('23 Dec). 
Weathersford was chased to the edge of a perpendicular 
bluff. He forced his gray steed over the precipice, and 
plunged into the flood below. As he rose, one hand was on 
his horse's mane, the other grasped his rifle. He regained 
the back of his noble animal, and was borne in safety to the 
opposite shore. 

4. As soon as Jackson was joined by fresh troops from 
Tennessee, he moved forward again. By the end of Febru- 
ary he had more than five thousand men under his orders ; 
more than half of these he led against the strong camp at 
Tohopeka (to'ho~pee-k<i), or the Horse-shoe of Tallapoosa river, 
where the hostile Creeks, twelve hundred in number, had forti- 
fied themselves for a last desperate struggle. General Coffee 
assailed them in the rear, and set fire to their village. The breast- 
work of logs across the neck of land in front was stormed. 
Some rushed into the river to escape, and were shot down. 
Others sought shelter in the brush and logs on the bank. 
Fire was applied. They were burnt out, and slaughtered by 
the Tennessee rifles as they fled from the covert. Within their 
lines five hundred and fifty-seven Creek warriors lay dead ; 
not more than two hundred braves were alive, and most of 
these were gashed w T ith wounds or maimed (27 March). The 
Creeks were crushed and begged for peace. They were re- 
quired to bring in Weathersford ; but he did not wait to be 
captured. Mounted on the horse which had saved him from 
his pursuers at the Holy Ground (Eccanachaca), he rode into 
Jackson's camp as the sun was sinking. " I am Weathers- 
ford," said he to the grim general. " I have nothing to ask for 
myself, I come to ask peace for my people. If I had an army, 
I would fight. Once I could animate my warriors to battle. 
I cannot animate the dead. My warriors can no longer hear 
my voice. Their bones are at Talladega, Tallasahatche, and 

4. How was Jackson re-enforced ? What was the progress of the war ? What 
did General Coffee do ? How did the Creeks suffer from this conflict ? What was 
required of them ? What did Weathersford do ? What did he say to General Jack- 
son ? How was peace made ? 



206 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[J814. 



Tohopeka. My people are gone. I ask peace for my people, 
not for Weathersford." Peace was made by a treaty (9 Aug., 
1814), which surrendered all the lands of the upper Creeks, 
except the tract north of the mouth of the Tallapoosa river, 
and between the Coosa and the Chattahoochee. 

5. The northern campaign opened about the same time 
with the slaughter at the Horse-shoe. The disgrace at La 
Colle (30 March, 1814), was followed by the descent of the 
British on Oswego (os-ioee'go) (5 May), which was taken, but 
abandoned, after the destruction of the barracks and fort. 
General Brown, who had been appointed commander-in-chief 
on the St. Lawrence frontier, collected his forces on the 
Niagara, crossed the river, and took Fort Erie (3 July). 
General Riall was hastening to its relief. General Scott hur- 
ried forward to meet him. An engagement took place on 
Chippewa (tship 1 pe-wa) Creek, which runs into the Niagara, 
about two miles above the Falls (5 July). The fortune of 
battle long wavered ; it was decided by a charge ordered by 
Scott at a lucky moment on a weak part of the enemy's line. 
The British were driven off in confusion, but prevented pur- 
suit by tearing up the bridge over the Chippewa. General 
Drummond joined Riall, with large accessions to the British 
force. Scott opposed them with twelve hundred men. The 
shock of arms occurred at Lundy's Lane, a road leading from 
the Niagara to the western end of Lake Ontario (25 July). 
Scott fell upon the advanced line of eighteen hundred men, 
advantageously posted. Reinforcements reached both parties 
during the action. Skirmishing commenced in the morning; 
the main battle began shortly before sunset, and was reso- 
lutely maintained till the middle of the hot summer night. 
The roar of artillery mingled with the ceaseless thunders of 



5. When did the northern campaign open ? By what was the disgrace at La Colle 
followed ? Who captured Fort Erie ? Who was hastening to its relief? Who was 
sent to meet him ? What took place on the Chippewa creek ? Describe the engage- 
ment. Who were driven from the field ? Which generals were wounded ? Who 
succeeded to the command ? Who besieged Fort Erie ? How did it succeed ? What 
occurred on the 5th November ? 



1814.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



207 



Niagara. Colonel Miller was directed to take the battery 
which formed the key to the British position. He replied 
" I'll try ;" and took it by a desperate onslaught. Repeated 
efforts were vainly made to regain it. The British were 
driven from the field ; but they returned in the later hours of 
the night, and reoccupied the battle-ground. Both General 
Brown and General Scott were severely wounded. General 
Ripley, who succeeded to the command, drew back the troops 
to Fort Erie, having been prevented by Brown from aban- 
doning Canada altogether. Fort Erie was besieged by 
Drummond (4 Aug.). An attack on the works was repulsed 
with tremendous loss to the assailants (15 Aug.). Brown 
resumed the command. He drove the besiegers from their 
lines (17 Sept.). But, when winter came, the fort was evac- 
uated and blown up (5 Nov.), and so ended the invasion of 
Canada. 

6. While the siege of Fort Erie was in progress, a splendid 
success had been obtained on the right wing of the Northern 
army. The invasion of New York was conducted by Sir 
George Prevost, governor of Canada, with a large and well- 
appointed army. General McComb (maJc-koom!) was at 
Plattsburg, on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, with a 
much inferior force, consisting chiefly of militia. The 
strength of the army had been led westward by General 
Izard (iz'zard) in obedience to orders from Washington. On 
the lake, Commodore McDonough (inak-don 'no) had a flo- 
tilla of small vessels, one of which had been built in twenty 
days out of green timber. A combined attack by land and 
water was made upon the Americans (11 Sept.). McDonough 
drew up his ships in an advantageous position across the en- 
trance into Plattsburg bay. Commodore Downie, the British 
commander, bore down in the confidence of success. He was 



6. What had been obtained on the right wing of the army ? By whom was an 
invasion of New York conducted ? Where was the strength of the army ? What 
was made by land and sea ? State the progress of the attack. How did the conflict 
proceed on the land ? What did the double victory of the Americans excite ? 



208 



HISTORY OF THE VNITEJ) STATES. 



[1814. 



killed early in the action. His flag-ship, terribly shattered, 
surrendered to the Saratoga, which bore McDonough's pen- 
non. The Saratoga was almost as much disabled, but con- 
tinued in the fight, and captured the Linnet. Both of the 
prizes were in a sinking condition. The smaller vessels of 
the enemy escaped, as the victors were unable to pursue them. 
While the combat was raging on the water, the conflict was 
proceeding on the land. As the British pressed forward, 
McComb drew back his troops behind the Saranac river, and 
repelled every effort to cross the stream. When the fleet was 
crushed, the British land force abandoned its attempts, and 
retired hastily and disastrously. The double victory excited 
just admiration and general joy among the American people. 

7. The blockade of the sea-board was kept up throughout 
the year, and descents and depredations were frequent along 
the coast, especially on the shores of the Chesapeake. Ad- 
miral Cochrane (cock'ran) had been ordered to u destroy the 
coast towns, and ravage the country." In execution of this 
decree Eastport was taken, Stonington bombarded (9-14 
Aug.), and Bangor plundered. The frigate John Adams was 
burnt to keep it out of the hands of the enemy ascending the 
Penobscot river. Cochrane arrived in the Chesapeake with 
twenty-one vessels, and a strong land force under General 
Ross (16 Aug.). The fleet was divided, and ascended the 
Potomac and the Chesapeake. Ross landed on the right 
bank of the Patuxent, and marched on Washington. The 
President and the chief officers of the government appeared 
upon the field ; but the American lines were broken and 
swept away in utter confusion (24 Aug.). No adequate 
preparations had been made to resist any formidable attack. 
The road to the capital was now open. Washington was 
occupied. The unfinished capitol, with the library of Con- 



7. How long was the blockade continued ? What were frequent along the coast ? 
What towns were attacked ? What did General Cochrane do ? What, General Ross ? 
Who appeared upon the field? What was the progress of the enemy ? What did 
they destroy ? How was this proceeding regarded ? What was done subsequently ? 



1814.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



209 



gress, the treasury building, the arsenal, the barracks, were 
burnt. Some private property was also destroyed. The 
British withdrew the next night from the blackened city, 
having earned the reproach of the civilized world by the 
wanton devastation. Fort Washington, on the Potomac, 
was blown up next evening (27 Aug.) on the approach of 
the British squadron, which anchored before Alexandria. 
The town was plundered, one vessel burnt, and others car- 
ried off laden with flour, tobacco, cotton, and other stores. 

8. Baltimore was next assailed. General Ross was killed 
in a skirmish as he marched upon the city (12 Sept.). Gen- 
eral Strieker, in command of the American advance, kept the 
invaders in check for two hours, and then retired toward 
the city, followed by the British. The fleet sailed up the 
Patapsco river, on which Baltimore is situated, and bom- 
barded Fort McHenry, which closes the harbor. The attack 
was unsuccessful, and the attempt on Baltimore was aban- 
doned. During the bombardment the national song — ' 6 The 
Star-Spangled Banner" — was composed by Francis S. Key, 
who was detained at the time in the hostile fleet. A hand- 
some monument was erected (1815) to the memory of those 
who had fallen in defence of the city. 

9. The devastation of the borders of the Chesapeake, and 
the attack on Washington and Baltimore, had been in part 
designed to withdraw attention from the Gulf of Mexico, 
where the chief enterprise of the British was to be under- 
taken. During the Creek war, arms, supplies, and encourage- 
ment had been received by the savages from Pensacola, 
where the authorities were under British influence. From 
that point an expedition was sent by the British against 
Fort Bowyer, near Mobile (mo-beeV). The assault by land 



8. What place was next assailed ? Who kept the invaders in check? What was 
done with the fleet ? W hat was composed during the bombardment ? What was 
done in memory of the defenders ? 

9. For what purpose were these attacks made ? From whom had the Creeks re- 
ceived supplies ? Who sent an expedition against Fort Bowyer ? How did it result ? 
What did General Jackson do ? 



210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1814. 

and sea was handsomely repulsed (15 Sept.). General Jack- 
son, who was at Mobile, marched on Pensacola, and com- 
pelled the Spanish governor to surrender the town and forts 
(7 Nov.). Fort Barrancas was blown up by the British 
when they withdrew from it. Jackson hastened back to 




THE BATTLE MONUMENT. 

Mobile, and heard of the proposed descent of a powerful 
British force on Louisiana. The people of New Orleans 
were disposed to surrender the city without a blow. Jack- 
son took prompt measures for resistance, called for volun- 
teers, proclaimed martial law, and received the pirates or 



1815.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



211 



privateers from Barataria, under Lafitte (lah-feet'), who had 
refused the bribes offered by the British, and revealed their 
plans to the American government. 

10. The force prepared for the invasion of Louisiana con- 
sisted of the ships and troops lately employed against Wash- 
ington and Baltimore, with large accessions to their numbers. 
Fifty vessels with one thousand guns, and twelve thousand 
soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham (peek 'en-urn), the 
brother-in-law of the Duke of Wellington, assembled at the 
island of Jamaica. They entered Lake Borgne (born), troops 
were landed, and reached the Mississippi nine miles below 
New Orleans (22 Dec). They were attacked by General 
Jackson, but not dislodged. He withdrew behind the plains 
of Chalmette (shal-met') and waited the enemy's attack. It 
was made in a few days, but was repelled (28 Dec). Heavy 
guns were brought up from the fleet, and a cannonade opened 
on Jackson's lines, without any decisive effect. The attack 
was renewed in force after an interval of ten days (8 Jan.). 
Pakenham had about ten thousand men, but he was in a 
strange and difficult country. Jackson had only six thou- 
sand, but they were used to the forest and the swamp. 
Pakenham led the storming column in person, before day. 
" Don't waste your ammunition," cried Jackson ; " see that 
every shot tells." Every shot from the long western rifles 
told on the dense masses vainly hurled against the long line 
of fortifications. Pakenham was twice struck. He was mor- 
tally wounded by a grape-shot. General Gibbs, the second 
in command, was also killed ; and General Keane was shot 
through the neck, and compelled to leave the battle. Every 
attempt at escalade recoiled with frightful loss under the 
murderous aim of the Tennesseans and Kentuckians. When 
General Lambert came up with the reserves, he could only 

10. What composed the force prepared for the invasion of Louisiana ? Where 
did the invaders land ? Who attacked them and with what result? What is said 
of the second attack by the enemy ? When was it renewed ? State the condition 
of the respective armies. What was the progress of the battle ? What were the 
respective losses ? Who were victorious ? 



212 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1815. 



protect the retreat of the broken army. The British sacri- 
fice in the battle of New Orleans was seven hundred killed, 
fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred captured : 
eight killed and thirteen wounded was the price of victory 
to the Americans. This was the last battle and the greatest 
triumph of the war. Peace had been already made, but it 
was not yet known in America. 

11. While martial law was in force in New Orleans, Gen- 
eral Jackson arrested and expelled Judge Hall, for granting 
a habeas corpus for an offender previously arrested by his 
orders. On the revocation of martial law (13 March), Judge 
Hall brought Jackson before him and fined him $1000 for 
contempt of court. The enthusiasm displayed on Jackson's 
appearance alarmed the judge; but Jackson exclaimed: 
" There is no danger here — there shall be none. The same 
hand that protected this city will shield and protect the 
court." Jackson paid the fine at once. He refused to re- 
ceive the money when collected by voluntary subscription, 
and directed its distribution among the relatives of the slain. 
The fine was repaid with interest by Congress nearly thirty 
years afterward (Feb., 1844). 

12. During the last year of the war some successes were 
still gained at sea, but they were not such as to exercise any 
influence on the general course of affairs. Nearly all the 
war vessels of the United States were shut up in port, de- 
stroyed, or captured. Maritime commerce was almost at an 
end. The most striking occurrence at sea was the adventur- 
ous career of the Essex (32), Captain Porter. It sailed from 
the Delaware (28 Oct., 1813), and picked up prize after prize 
on the coasts of South America, Africa, and the islands of 
the Pacific, till it was captured, after a spirited fight, by the 
Phoebe (36) and the Cherub (20), off Valparaiso (28 March, 



11. For what had Judge Hall been arrested ? What did he do when martial law 
was revoked? What was Jackson's reply when he was fined ? When and how was 
this fine repaid ? 

12. What had been done at sea during the last year? In what condition were 
the United States war-vessels ? What was the most striking occurrence at sea ? 



1815.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



213 



1815). The British sloop- of- war Epervier (a-pair f ve-d) (18) 
struck her colors to the Peacock (18), Captain Warrington 
(29 April, 1814). The President, Captain Decatur, escaped 
from New York, but was discovered, chased, and taken by 
five ships of the blockading fleet, after crippling the fore- 
most of them, the Endymion (en-dim' e-on) (16 June). The 
Wasp (18), Captain Blakeley, took the Reindeer (20) after 
a severe conflict (28 June). It compelled the Avon (18) to 
strike her colors. The Wasp never returned to any port. 

13. It was time that peace should be made. There was 
increasing dissatisfaction with the war, and the overthrow of 
Napoleon removed the chief occasion of hostility. The 
condition of the country was deplorable. Foreign commerce 
was destroyed, industry was paralysed, the state of the 
finances was desperate. The customs had fallen from more 
than $13,000,000 to less than $6,000,000. The direct taxes 
had increased from $7,666 to nearly two millions and a 
quarter, and other taxes had been raised from $2,300 to over 
a million and a half. Insufficient loans could be obtained 
only on the most disastrous terms. The debt had increased 
to a hundred millions, and there was no money in the treasury. 
Volunteering had almost ceased, and conscription was re- 
sorted to. Connecticut and Massachusetts had refused to send 
their militia to the northern frontier in the first year of the 
w r ar, and Congress now refused to pay those States for services 
rendered in local defence. The popular discontent in New 
England was inflamed. The legislature of Massachusetts 
recommended a convention from the States in sympathy with 
its views. The convention met at Hartford (15 Dec, 1814), 
and consisted of delegates from all the States east of the 
Hudson. It adopted a report complaining of unconstitutional 
proceedings on the part of the government, and recommend- 
ing alterations of the Constitution to limit the Federal 



13. What was the feeling of the people respecting the war? What was the 
condition of the country ? What did the legislature of Massachusetts recommend ? 
Where did the convention meet ? Of what did it consist ? What report did it adopt ? 



214 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1816. 



authority. The cessation of hostilities removed the grievances 
which were the immediate cause of the Hartford Convention. 

14. An offer of mediation by the Czar of Russia had been 
eagerly accepted by President Madison in the second year 
of the war. Commissioners were appointed to conduct the 
negotiations. England declined the proffered mediation ; 
but, after the fall of Napoleon, conferences were opened at 
the ancient city of Ghent, in Flanders (6 Aug., 1814). There 
was much difficulty in reaching any agreement, but at length a 
treaty was signed (24 Dec), without conceding the American 
demands in regard to the Right of Search and Impressment, 
which had provoked the war. The treaty was nevertheless 
welcomed with great joy, unanimously ratified by the Senate 
(17 Feb., 1815), and proclaimed the next day. Peace brought 
rest, an opportunity for renewed industry and trade, and 
means for repairing the grave losses and expenditures of the 
late years. 

15. Soon after the return of peace, Commodore Decatur 
was sent with three frigates and seven smaller vessels to 
chastize Algiers, which had declared war on the commence- 
ment of hostilities with Great Britain, and had renewed its 
piratical attacks on American commerce. The largest ship 
in the Algerine navy was captured by the Guerriere after a 
running fight of twenty-five minutes (17 June). The Dey 
was alarmed, and signed a new treaty on board of Decatur's 
vessel (30 June) ; surrendering his prisoners, renouncing all 
claim to tribute from the United States, and stipulating that 
prisoners of war should not be reduced to slavery. Tunis 
and Tripoli were next visited, and brought to terms. The 
appointed task was achieved when Commodore Bainbridge 
arrived with a line-of-battle ship, and other vessels. The 



] 4. What had been accepted during the second year of the war ? For what pur- 
pose were commissioners appointed? Where were conferences opened? How did 
they result ? How was the treaty regarded by the American people ? What did peace 
bring ? 

15. To what place was Commodore Decatur sent? What did he accomplish? 
What places were next visited ? Was the mission successful ? 



1817.] 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



215 



combined squadrons sailed proudly round the Mediterranean, 
whose waters had been rendered more secure by the exploits 
of the American navy. 

16. The first years of restored tranquillity were necessarily 
occupied with measures for the re establishment of the 
Federal finances, and for the improvement of the condition 
of the country. The closing of the ports, and the extinction 
of foreign commerce had encouraged the establishment and 
growth of American manufactures. The return of peace 
threatened the new industry with disastrous competition. 
Protection was sought by heavy duties on imports; and thus 
the question of the Tariff was raised. The public necessities 
seemed to accord with the interests of the manufacturers, 
and onerous imposts were levied on foreign commodities 
(1816). A National Bank, with a capital of $35,000,000, 
was established at Philadelphia (4 March, 1817), and re- 
ceived a charter for twenty years. 

17. Notwithstanding the strain on the resources of the 
people, the country grew in numbers, industry, and wealth. 
Two States were added to the Union — Louisiana (1812) and 
Indiana (1816). The Colonization Society was established 
at Washington (1816). Its object was to provide a home in 
Africa for free negroes and liberated slaves. It met with 
much opposition in Congress, but resulted in founding the 
republic of Liberia. The slave-trade had been terminated 
nine years before (1 Jan., 1808). James Monroe of Virginia 
became the next president, and D. D. Tompkins of New York, 
vice-president. 



16. With what were the first years of peace occupied? What had encouraged 
the growth of American manufactures ? With what did the return of peace threaten 
the country ? What question was raised What was established ? 

1 7. How did the country develop ? What States were added ? What society was 
established ? What was its object ? Who became the next president ? 



;S16 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1817. 



CHAPTEE V. 



Monroe's Administration to the Missouri Compro 



Summary* — 1 . Condition of the country. — Members of the Cabinet. 2. Recom- 
mendations contained in Monroe's first message to Congress. — Erie Canal 
constructed. 3. Piratical settlements made by adventurers, broken up. 
4. Hostilities with the Seminoles. 5. Negotiations with Spain. 6. Troubles 
arising from the extension of slavery.— Missouri Compromise.— Missouri ad- 
mitted as a State. 7- Second administration of Monroe. — Fourth census taken 
in 1820.— Increase of population.— New States admitted.— Passage of the At- 
lantic by a steam vessel. 

1. James Monroe entered upon the office of president at a 
most favorable moment. The country was prosperous. It 
had rapidly recovered from the sacrifices and expenditures 

of the war. Trade, manufac- 
tures, and agriculture were 



the Revolution — a Jeffersonian Republican of the extremest 
type, but nearly the whole country had become Republican ; 



mise. — 1817-1821. 




flourishing ; and the public 
revenues grew with the grow- 
ing activity and resources of 
the people. Material interests 
were expanding so rapidly 
that they allayed even polit- 
ical discords ; and, though 
grave questions were agitated 
and ultimately ripened into 
bloody results, Mr. Monroe's 
administration was designat- 
ed " the era of crood feeling. " 
He was himself a soldier of 



PRESIDENT MONROE. 



1 . In what condition was the country when Monroe became president ? What 
was his administration designated ? How did he conciliate opposing parties ? Who 
composed his cabinet ? 



1817.] 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 



217 



and he conciliated the opposing party by moderating his 
own views, and by leaning to theirs. He was ably sustained 
by the men whom he summoned to his cabinet: John 
Quincy Adams, as secretary of state ; W. H. Crawford, as 
secretary of the treasury; and John C. Calhoun (cal-hoon'), 
as secretary of war. William Wirt became attorney- 
general. 

2. Monroe's first message recommended the construction 
by the Federal government of great roads between the 
States, canals, and other works of internal improvement or 
of national defence. The constitutionality of some of these 
expenditures was doubted or denied by the Republican 
school of politicians, and an amendment of the Constitution 
was suggested. Public attention was directed to such meas- 
ures by the rapid settlement of remote districts, by the in- 
crease of products, by the difficulty of their transportation 
to the great ports, and by the necessity of protecting the 
rich cities on the sea-board from attack. Appropriations 
were made for extending the Cumberland road, which had 
been commenced in 1806; and individual States zealously 
provided artificial means of communication. The Erie Canal, 
the most important of these works, was made by the State 
of New York during this period (1817-1825). The burdens 
imposed by the late war were relieved by the repeal of the 
internal taxes (23 Dec, 1817). 

3. Adventurers, regardless of the law of nations, had estab- 
lished a piratical settlement at Galveston, in Texas, whence 
they issued to plunder Spanish and other commerce. Others 
seized upon Amelia Island, at the mouth of the St. Mary's 
river in Florida, and, under pretence of commissions from 
the American Republics which had revolted from Spain, 



2. What did Monroe's first message recommend ? Who doubted the constitu- 
tionality of some of these propositions ? How did public attention become directed 
to these measures ? What was made by the State of New York during this period ? 
How were the burdens imposed by the war relieved ; 

3. What had been done in Texas ? What was done to break up these settlements 
and prevent other troubles ? 

10 



218 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1821. 



committed piracies, and plotted the conquest of Florida. A 
land and naval force was sent against them, and their estab- 
lishments were broken up (Dec, 1817). 

4. Hostilities commenced with the Seminoles in the 
Spanish territory of Florida. They had been joined and 
excited by Creek refugees exiled by the Creek war. J ack- 
son received orders to proceed against them in person. He 
collected a force more numerous than the whole nation of 
the Seminoles, drove the Indians before him, and, on the 
pretence of aid afforded them, seized St. Mark's (7 April, 
1818). On the charge of having instigated the Indians to 
war, he executed Ambrister and Arbuthnot, two British 
subjects. He then marched on Pensacola, and took it with- 
out resistance. Fort Barrancas, to which the Spanish gov- 
ernor had fled, also surrendered. These proceedings were 
warmly discussed in Congress; but they were sustained by a 
large majority in the Lower House. 

5. Negotiations had been in progress for the acquisition 
of Florida, and for the settlement of the Western boundary 
of Louisiana. The energetic conduct of General Jackson 
disposed the Spanish government to relieve itself of future 
hazards by ceding to the United States the lands east of the 
Mississippi. Mr. Adams, the secretary of state, first pro- 
posed the Colorado as the limit on the side of Mexico (Jan., 
1818) ; but the treaty finally concluded (22 Feb., 1819) sub- 
stituted the Sabine, and gave up the Floridas for claims to 
the amount of $5,000,000. This treaty was not ratified by 
the King of Spain till the lapse of two years (Feb., 1821) in 
consequence of the invasion of Texas by citizens of the 
United States. 



4. Where did hostilities commence with the Seminoles ? Who was directed to 
proceed against them ? What did he accomplish ? How did Congress regard these 
proceedings ? 

5. What negotiations had been in progress ? What had the energy of Jackson 
accomplished ? What did the treaty cede to the United States ? When was it 
ratified ? 



1820.] 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 



219 



6. The great dispute, which culminated in the recent civil 
war, was brought prominently forward in Monroe's first 
administration by the discussions in regard to the admission 
of Missouri as a State. The contest was a struggle between 
the northern and southern sections of the Union for political 
power. Hitherto the States admitted had been alternately 
free and slave-holding. Missouri presented a constitution 
permitting slavery, and encountered violent opposition. It 
lay north of the Ohio river, and slavery had been prohibited 
in the Northwestern Territory, but it had been established 
in Missouri while part of the Louisiana Territory. Bitter 
debates took place in Congress, and threatening divisions 
agitated the country. Taylor, of Xew York, proposed to 
exclude slavery from all territory north of 36° 30', which 
would exclude Missouri with her existing constitution (18 
Feb., 1819). Cobb, of Georgia, declared that "a fire had 
been kindled which only seas of blood could extinguish, and 
that if northern men persisted, the Union would be dissolved." 
Tallmadge, of Xew York, replied, with firmness : " If a disso- 
lution of the Union must take place, let it be so ! If civil 
war must come, I can only say, let it come." The question 
was revived next year on the presentation of a bill for the 
admission of Maine. A clause was added to this bill in the 
Senate, providing for the admission of Missouri also ; but an 
amendment was proposed by Thomas, of Illinois (17 Feb.), 
excluding slavery from all the remainder of the Louisiana 
Territory north of 36° 30'. The bill did not pass in this form. 
The proviso was, however, introduced into the Missouri 
bill, and is known as the Missouri Compromise. Maine was 
admitted separately (3 March, 1820), and Missouri was com- 
pelled to wait till the next year. Even then it was not 



6. What controversy arose during Monroe's administration ? How had the States 
previously been admitted ? What did Missouri present. ? What took place in Con- 
gress ? What did Tavlor propose * What did Cobb declare ? When was the ques- 
tion again revived ? What was proposed ? Did the bill pass ? What was introduced 
into the Missouri bill ? What was this called ? When was Maine admitted as a 
State ? When, Missouri ? 



220 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1821. 



received without opposition ; but Mr. Clay reported a resolu- 
tion for compromise from a select committee, and Missouri 
became one of the sisterhood of States (21 Aug., 1821). 

7. Before the Missouri question was settled, Mr. Monroe 
had entered upon a second term of office. The fourth census 
of the United States was taken in the previous year (1820). 
It exhibited a population of nine million six hundred and 
thirty-eight thousand one hundred and thirty-one, or thrice 
the number of people that were in the country at the out- 
break of the Revolution. Four new States were added to the 
Union during Monroe's first administration : Mississippi 
(1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820), and 
the admission of a fifth, Missouri (1821), was provided for. 
To this period also belongs an achievement which attracted 
little attention, but was calculated to exercise signal influence 
on the future commerce of the world — the passage of the 
Atlantic by the Savannah, a small steam-vessel, which crossed 
from Savannah, Georgia, to Liverpool (20 July, 1819). 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART IY. 
1789-1821. 

1789. Commencement of the Government of the United States. 4 

March. 

1790. General Harmar defeated by the Indians at the Maumee. 17 Oct. 

1791. Vermont received into the Union. 

" St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio. 4 Nov. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

" Captain Grey enters the Columbia river. 11 May. 
1794. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. 
" General Wayne defeats the Indians at the Maumee Rapids. 20 
Aug. 



7. Who was re-elected president ? When was the fourth census taken ? What 
did it exhibit ? How many States had been added to the Union in the four previous 
years ? What important event took place in 1819 ? 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART IV. 



221 



1795. Jay's treaty with Great, Britain ratified. 24 June. 

" Treaty with the Indians at Fort Greeneville, O. 3 Aug. 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 

" Washington's Farewell Address. Sept. 

1797. John Adams, second president. 

" Extraordinary mission to France. 

1798. Hostilities with France. Treaty with France. 30 Sept. 
" Kentucky (10 Nov.) and Virginia (24 Dec.) Resolutions. 

1799. Death of General Washington. 14 Dec. 

1800. Washington becomes the capital of the United States. 
" Convention with France. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson, third president. 
" War with Tripoli. 10 June. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 

1803. Louisiana purchased. 30 April. 

1804. Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr in a duel. 11 July. 
" Tripoli bombarded by Commodore Preble. 3 Sept. 

1805. Eaton's expedition against Tripoli. Peace with Tripoli. 4 June. 

1806. British Orders in Council. 16 May. Berlin Decree. 21 Nov. 

1807. The Chesapeake attacked by the British ship Leopard. 22 June. 
" Aaron Bnrr tried at Richmond. Sept. 

" British Orders in Council. 11 Nov. Milan Decree. 22 Dec. 
" Embargo on British commerce by the United States. 22 Dec. 

1808. Abolition of the Slave-trade by the United States. 
" Bayonne Decree. 17 April. 

1809. James Madison, fourth president. 
" Non-Intercourse Law. Feb. 

1810. Provisional renewal of intercourse. May. 

1811. The affair of the President and the Little Bell. 16 May. 

" General Harrison defeats the Indians at Tippecanoe. 7 Nov. 

1812. The embargo renewed. 4 April. 

" Louisiana received into the Union. 

" War declared against Great Britain. 19 June. 

" Hull surrenders Detroit. 16 Aug. 

u The Constitution captures the Guerriere. 19 Aug. 

" Battle of Queenstown Heights. 13 Oct. 

1813. The Chesapeake taken by the British frigate Shannon. 1 June. 
" Indian Massacre at the River Raisin. 22 June. At Fort Minim's, 

Ala, 30 Aug. 
" Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 10 Sept. 
" Victories at Plattsburg and on Lake Cham plain. 11 Sept. 
" Battle of the Thames. 5 Oct. 



222 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1814. Indians routed at the Horse-shoe, Ala., by General Jackson. 27 

March. 

" Battle of Chippewa. 5 July. Of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane. 25 
July. 

" Washington City taken, and fired. 24 Aug. 

" Bombardment of Fort McHenry near Baltimore. 12-14 Sept. 

" General Jackson seizes Pensacola. 7 Nov. 

" Hartford Convention. 15 Dec. 

u Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, at Ghent. 24 Dec. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans. 8 Jan. 
" Peace proclaimed. 18 Feb. 

" War with Algiers. 

1816. National Bank. 10 April. New Tariff. 27 April. 
" Indiana admitted into the Union. 

1817. James Monroe, fifth president. 

" Mississippi admitted into the Union. 

1818. War with the Seminoles in Florida. General Jackson seizes 

Pensacola. 24 May. 
" Illinois becomes one of the United States. 

1819. Florida ceded by Spain to the United States. 22 Feb. 
" Alabama received into the Union. 

" The Missouri Controversy commenced. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union. ' 

" The Missouri Compromise adopted. 

1821. Missouri is received into the Union. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART IV. 

PAGE 

1. What was the situation of Washington as first president ? and who com- 

posed his cabinet? 173-174 

2. What was the amount of the public debt ? How was it provided for ? 174 

3. What measures were recommended by Hamilton ? 174 

4. How was the slavery question brought up ? and how was it disposed of? 175 

5. Where was the seat of government established? 175 

6. What was the course of the Indian hostilities? 175-170 

7. What violent political dissensions arose in Washington^ presidency ?. . 176-177 

8. What was the conduct of Mr. Genest ? 177 

9. Narrate the Whisky Insurrection 177-178 

10. What were the relations of the United States with Great Britain ? 178 

11. What were the relations with France? 179 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART IV. 223 



PAGE 

12. What treaties were made with Algiers and Spain ? 179 

13. How did Washington decline a third election ? What advice did he give ? . 179-180 

14. When and how did Washington end his days ? How was he regarded ? 180 

15. In what condition did he leave the country? 180 

16. To what parties did Adams and Jefferson respectively belong? 181 

17. What were the relations with France under Adams ? 181-182 

18. What successes were obtained at sea ? 182 

19. How were the Alien and Sedition Laws received ? 183 

20. When was the government transferred to Washington ? What was the con- 

dition of the new city ? 183-184 

21. Who was the third president ? and who vice-president ? 184 

22. What territory was purchased from France ? 184-185 

23. Relate the war with the Barbary States 185 

24. Give an account of Aaron Burr's proceedings 186 

25. By whom were the Missouri and Columbia rivers explored? 186-187 

26. What foreign difficulties disturbed Jefferson's second term ? 187 

27. What was the affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard ? 187 

28. What defensive measures against Great Britain were adopted ? 188 

29. Did war break out under Jefferson ? How were his last years spent ? 188 

30. What was the progress of the country under Jefferson ? 188-189 

31. What was Madison's character? 189-190 

32. In what condition was the government left by Jefferson ? 190 

33. What matters were in controversy with England ? By what transaction were 

feelings embittered? 190-191 

34. Relate General Harrison's campaign against Tecumseh 191 

35. How was war with England finally brought about ? 192 

36. What was the main object in the first campaign of the war? 192 

37. Who were appointed to the chief commands ? 193 

38. Narrate General Hull's operations, and disasters 193 

39. Give an account of the operations at Niagara 193-194 

40. What were the only successes of the year on land ? 194 

41. What Indian massacre occurred ? 194 

42. What victories were gained at sea? 194-195 

43. What new flotillas were prepared for the next year ? 195 

44. What was the plan of the second campaign ? 196 

45. Recount General Harrison's operations in the northwest 196 

46. How did the massacre of the River Raisin occur ? 196 

47. Relate the transactions at Ogdensburg— Toronto— Fort George— Stony 

Creek— the Beaver Dams 197-198 

48. Give an account of Perry's victory on Lake Erie 198 

49. What great defeat was inflicted on Proctor by General Harrison ? 198-199 

50. What calamities followed Harrison's withdrawal ? 199 

51. Describe the attempt to take Montreal 199-200 

52. Relate Captain Lawrence's engagements 200-201 

53. What injuries were inflicted by the British fleets along the coast ? 202 

54. What was the condition of the country in 1814 ? 203 

55. Give an account of the Creek War in Alabama 203-204-205 

56. Relate the operations at Chippewa— Lundy's Lane— Fort Erie 206-207 

57. Describe the battles of Plattsburg, and of Lake Champlain 207 

58. Narrate the proceedings at Chesapeake Bay— Washington— Alexandria- 

Baltimore 208,209 



224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PAGE 

59. What occasioned Jackson's attack on Pensacola ? . . 210 

60. Recount Jackson's exploits at New Orleans 210 

61. What naval actions occurred in the last period of the war ? 212 

62. What was the condition of the country at this time ? 213 

63. What was the Hartford Convention ? and what was its action ? 213-214 

64. When was peace made ? and what was the character of the treaty ? 214 

65. Give an account of the Algerine war 214 

66. What measures were taken to restore the finances and industry of the 

country ? 215 

67. What other events illustrated Madison's administration ? 215 

68. Who followed Madison in the presidency ? 216 

69. What was the condition of the country and of parties in Monroe's time ?. . . 216 

70. What measures were recommended by him ? what improvements made ? 217 

71. What lawless establishments were suppressed? 217 

72. What were General Jackson's proceedings in Florida ? 218 

73. How was Florida acquired ? 218 

74. Give an account of the Missouri controversy, and the "Missouri Com- 

promise" 219-220 

75. What evidences of advancement under Monroe's first administration are 

given ? 220 



1824.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF MONROE AND ADAMS. 225 



PART V. 

FROM THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE TO THE GREiVT 
CIVIL WAR. -1821-1861. 



CHAPTER L 

Monroe's Second Teem, and the Administration of 
John Quincy Adams. — 1821-1829. 

Summary, — 1. Trouble anticipated from the Missouri Compromise. 2. Condition 
of the people under Monroe's second administration.— Conventions with France 
and Great Britain. — Recognition of South American Republics. — Assertion of the 
44 Monroe Doctrine." 3. Stipulations with Great Britain. — New Tariff Act 
passed. 4. Visit of General Lafayette to the United States. 5. Candidates for 
the presidency. 6. John Quincy Adams elected president. 7. Ratification of 
the Treaty of Indian Springs. 8 Memorable events. 9. Alterations of the 
Tariff. 10. Jackson elected president. 

1. The admission of Missouri, and the compromise under 
which it was admitted, closed one period of the history of 
the United States and opened another. It was foreseen that 
the time must arrive when the objects of the compromise 
would be frustrated. This expectation was realized. The 
forty years between the admission of Missouri and that of 
Kansas, in 1861, were occupied with the rush of events tow- 
ard a bloody war of sections. 

2. These hazards did not disturb Monroe's second admin- 
istration, which was even more tranquil than the first. Party 
strife was at an end : the Federalists appeared to be extinct. 
This tranquillity did not proceed from inaction. General 
Jackson was appointed governor of the new territory of 



1. What closed this period of the history of the United States ? What was fore- 
seen ? 

2. Was Monroe's administration disturbed by these predicted troubles ? In what 
condition were the people ? Who was appointed governor of Florida ? With what 
countries were conventions made ? What was the most notable transaction ? 

10* 



226 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1824. 



Florida, with powers "unconstitutionally great," which he 
exercised with more than constitutional vigor. Advantage- 
ous conventions were made with France and Great Britain 
(1822) ; and the buccaneers were swept from the Caribbean 
Sea by Commodore Porter (1823). But the most notable 
transaction was the recognition of the South American Re- 
publics (1822), and the assertion of what is termed "the 
Monroe doctrine," which excludes further European coloni- 
zation or European interference from the Western hemi- 
sphere (1823). It sprung from a suggestion made by Can- 
ning, the British minister for foreign affairs, who desired to 
resist the principles of the Holy Alliance, and " called the 
New World into existence to redress the balance of the 
Old." 

3. Stipulations were made with Great Britain and with 
Russia in regard to the northwestern coasts of America. 
General Floyd, of Virginia, had earnestly invited attention 
to the genial regions along the Columbia river, and to the 
future commerce of the Pacific harbors with Asia. He 
named the country Oregon (d're-fjon), and proposed to occupy 
it at once. His prescience was not shared by his contempo- 
raries (1824). An agreement was also made with Great 
Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade. A new Tariff 
Act was passed for the protection of northern manufactures ; 
but such was the general prosperity that $40,000,000 of the 
public debt was paid off in eight years, notwithstanding the 
purchase of Florida. 4 

4. During Monroe's last year General Lafayette revisited 
this country after an absence of nearly half a century, filled 
with tremendous events. He came by the invitation of Con- 
gress, and witnessed in declining age the development of 
those united colonies to whose aid he had hastened in his 



3. With whom were stipulations made ? What is said of the regions along the 
Columbia river ? What was the country named ? What was passed ? How much 
of the public debt was paid off ? 

4. Who visited this country during Monroe's last year ? By whose invitation did 
he come ? Give an account of his visit. With what did Congress pivsent him ? 



1825.] 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF MONROE AND ADAMS. 



227 



youth. He was the guest of the nation, and travelled 
through every State with all the honors of peace. He stood 
by the grave of Washington at Mount Vernon, visited Jef- 
ferson at Monticello, took part in laying the foundation-stone 
of the Bunker Hill Monument on the fiftieth anniversary of 
the battle. He landed at New York (15 August, 1824), and 
sailed back to France from Washington in the new frigate 
Brandywine (7 Sept., 1825), named to commemorate his first 
engagement. Congress presented him with $200,000 in the 
public stocks, and twenty-three thousand acres of land in Flor- 
ida — a donation honorable to the giver and to the receiver. 

5. 66 The era of good feeling" did not outlast the presidency 
of Monroe. Four candidates contended for the succession 
to the government : John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts; 
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee ; Henry Clay, of Kentucky ; 
and W. H. Crawford, of Georgia. The election was carried 
to the House of Representatives, and Adams was chosen. 
John C. Calhoun, of South 
Carolina, became vice-pres- 
ident by the voice of the 
people. Henry Clay re- 
ceived the department of 
state. " There were giants 
in those days." 

6. John Quincy Adams 
was the first president of a 
new generation. He had 
been brought up in the 
midst of public affairs. 
Washington made him 
minister to the Netherlands 
in his twenty-seventh year 
(1794). With one brief interval he remained in public life 




5. How many candidates were there for president ? Who was chosen ? Who 
became vice-president ? Who received the department of state ? 

6. Give a description of John Quincy Adams and bis public career. 



228 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1828. 



till his death (23 February, 1848). He had been Monroe's 
secretary of state, and professed adherence to his principles. 
He had abundant and various learning, high intellectual 
powers, industry, energy, and endless pertinacity. 

7. One of his earliest acts was connected with a serious 
collision between the Federal government and the State of 
Georgia. He ratified the Treaty of Indian Springs, by 
which the Creeks ceded their lands in Georgia (12 February, 
1824). The treaty was questioned in Congress, but was 
sturdily maintained by Governor Troup and the Georgians, 
with a threat of armed resistance to any interference by the 
United States. The disputed lands were, however, surren- 
dered by new treaties (1827-28) ; but the Cherokees retained 
their domain, which provoked the renewal of troubles. 

8. Mr. Adams's second year of office was rendered memo- 
rable by the death of his father, President John Adams, and 
of President Jefferson, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
laration of Independence. Five years Inter President Monroe 
died on the same day. 

9. A further alteration of the tariff was made, and the du- 
ties on many manufactured articles were heavily increased 
(12 May, 1828). Mr. Calhoun and most of the Southern 
members of Congress condemned and bitterly resisted this 
measure as disastrous to the agricultural communities, and 
especially to the cotton-growrng States. The legislatures 
of South Carolina and Georgia pronounced " the act to be 
unconstitutional, as well as unjust and oppressive, and con- 
sequently not obligatory on the States, if they thought proper 
to resist it." The tariff dispute soon assumed a geograph- 
ical complexion, like the slavery question, with which it was 
intimately connected. 

10. Mr. Adams was not re-elected to the presidency. Gen- 

7. What was one of his earliest acts ? Give an account of this treaty. 

8. What rendered the second year of Adams's administration memorable ? 

9. What alteration was made in the tariff ? Who opposed it ? What did the 
legislatures of South Carolina and Georgia pronounce it ? 

10. Who was elected to the next presidency? By whom had Adams been op- 
posed ? Upon what grounds ? 



1829.] 



JACKSON' 8 ADMINISTRATION. 



229 



eral Jackson received more than two-thirds of the electoral 
votes. Adams had been opposed by Congress throughout 
his administration. He alienated the South by favoring a 
high tariff. He offended the East by repeating the charge 
that it had proposed the dissolution of the Union and a sep- 
arate confederacy in 1803-4, and by alleging that the Hart- 
ford Convention had entertained the same design. 



CHAPTEE II. 
Jackson's Administration. — 1829-1 837. 

Summary*— \. Character of Andrew Jackson.— His birthplace.— His administra- 
tion. 2. Extinction of Indian titles urged. — Refusal of Sacs and Foxes to sur- 
render their hunting-grounds. — Progress of the cholera. 3. Cherokees opposed 
to removal. — Action of the legislature of Georgia. 4. Opposition to the tariff. — 
Debate in the Senate.— Ordinance of Nullification passed by South Carolina. 
5. Discussion of the Bank question. 6. Jackson re-elected. 7. Claims upon 
France settled. 8. Trouble with the Indians. 9. General Scott recalled from 
Florida. 10. Two great political parties formed. — Conduct of the administra- 
tion. 1 1 . Progress of the country. — Fifth census taken. 

1. General Andrew Jackson, the next president, has often 
appeared in the course of this narrative. He was one of 
the most notable men in a country and time fruitful of strange 
characters. He united many chivalrous traits with sternness, 
energy, high temper, and ferocious courage ; and he added 
prompt and clear discernment to an inflexible will. He was 
born at the Waxhaws, on the edge of North and South Caro- 
lina, grew up amid the desolated homes and military ravages 
of the Revolution, and passed his manhood in the turbulent 
scenes of the new settlements in Tennessee, or in the com- 
mand of troops engaged in desperate warfare. He brought 



1. Who was the next president ? What is said of his character ? Where was he 
born ? Where did he pass his youth and manhood ? What did he bring to the dis- 
charge of his office ? What is said of his administration ? 



230 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



L 1832. 



to the discharge of his great office strong passions, decided 
views, unflinching resolution, and violent prejudices. His lot 

fell in critical times ; and 
his administration was the 
most startling and the 
boldest in the annals of the 
United States. 

2. Jackson early urged 
the extinction of the Indian 
titles on the east of the Mis- 
sissippi, and the removal of 
the savage tribes to the 
great prairies beyond. This 
policy accorded with his 
habit of thought, his ex- 
perience, and his own pro- 
cedure. The Sacs and 
Foxes in Illinois refused to 
surrender their ancient hunting-grounds, alleged to have been 
sold by them at the beginning of the century. Some successes 
were obtained over them by the governor of Illinois. Gen- 
eral Scott reached Chicago with surprising rapidity, but was 
arrested by the ravages of cholera among his men. This 
frightful epidemic, starting from India, had traversed Asia, 
swept over Russia, reached England, and crossed the Atlan- 
tic, spreading destruction and dismay wherever the shadow 
of the pestilence fell upon the nations. Black Hawk, the 
chief warrior of the Sacs, was, however, defeated (2 Aug., 
1832) and captured (27 Aug.). He was removed with his 
followers, and settled on the western banks of the Missis- 
sippi. 

3. The Cherokees, who still occupied the upper districts of 

2. What did he urge upon the country ? What did the Sacs and Foxes refuse to 
do ? Who obtained successes over them ? What arrested General Scott ? Where 
had this epidemic prevailed ? Whither did Black Hawk with his followers remove? 

3. To what were the Cherokees opposed ? What did the legislature of Georgia 
do ? When was the removal of the Cherokees effected ? 




1833.] 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION 



231 



Georgia, were opposed to removal. They had made signal 
progress in civilization. The legislature of Georgia did not 
wait for the slow action of the general government ; but ex- 
tended the laws of the State over the Cherokees, and again 
provoked collision with the Federal authority. The Georgi- 
ans suspected the northern majority in Congress of a design 
to retard the settlement and growth of the southern country. 
A home was provided for the Cherokees in the Indian Terri- 
tory, a rich and delightful region west of Arkansas (1834), 
but their removal was not effected till General Scott mingled 
tact with the menace of force (1837). 

4. The sectional animosity produced by the recent tariff 
grew apace ; South Carolina took the lead in proposing deci- 
sive measures of resistance to the law. The jealousies of the 
North and South were exposed, and the conflicting views of 
the hostile parties ably presented in a great debate in the 
Senate of the United States, between Colonel Hayne, of 
South Carolina, and Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts (Feb. 
and March, 1830). The battle was to be fought out on a 
different arena. A slight modification of the tariff (14 July, 
1832) only inflamed the indignation of South Carolina, as 
Mr. Clay's " American System," or protection, seemed to be 
fastened^ as a permanent policy on the country. A conven- 
tion in South" Carolina resolved on forcible resistance to the 
collection of the customs, and passed an Ordinance of Nulli- 
fication (19 Nov.). This ordinance was met by a strong 
and stirring proclamation from General Jackson (10 Dec), 
in which he declared that " the laws of the United States 
must be executed." Actual resistance was postponed 
through the mediation of Virginia. A compromise devised 
by Clay, which promised the gradual reduction of duties, 
was enacted (3 March, 1833), and civil war was averted for 
nearly thirty years. 

4. What animosity increased ? Which State proposed resistance to the tariff ? 
Who entered into a debate in the Senate respecting the views of the two sections ? 
What effect had a modification of the tariff ? What ordinance did South Carolina 
pass ? How was it arrested ? What averted war ? 



232 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1836. 



5. The nullification struggle scarcely produced more gen- 
eral excitement than the discussion of the Bank question. 
The charter of the United States Bank would expire in 1836, 
and General Jackson opposed its re-charter in his first annual 
message (1829). When the re-charter was granted by Con- 
gress, he returned the Act with his veto (10 July, 1832). 
He afterward withdrew the public moneys from its keeping 
(Oct., 1833). This action was virulently censured. It con- 
curred with other causes in producing the financial crash of 
1837 ; and ultimately proved fatal to the bank (11 Oct., 
1841), which, after the expiration of its Federal charter, con- 
ducted its operations under a charter obtained from Penn- 
sylvania. 

6. While the nullification and bank struggles were in prog- 
ress, Jackson had been triumphantly re-elected to the presi- 
dential chair. Martin Van Buren was elected to the vice- 
presidency, which had been resigned by Calhoun for a place 
in the Senate. 

7. The controversy with France in regard to depredations 
on American commerce, which reached back to the period of 
the French Revolution, was at length closed by the peremp- 
tory tone of General Jackson. The government of Louis 
Philippe (loo'ee fe-leep f ) agreed by treaty (1831) to pay 
$5,000,000 in satisfaction of all claims ; but no payment had 
been made, and General Jackson recommended prompt 
redress by reprisals on French property (1834). The 
ministers of both countries were withdrawn (1836), but hos- 
tilities were prevented by the interposition of England, and 
the money was paid. Throughout the proceeding, the war- 
like temper of the president was held in check by the cool- 
ness and moderation of the Senate. 



5. What other discussion produced general excitement ? What did Jackson op- 
pose ? What did he withdraw from the bank ? How was this action received ? 
What did it help to produce ? 

6. Who was re-elected to the presidential chair? Who was elected vice-president? 
•7. What controversy was closed by General Jackson ? What had the government 

of Louis Philippe promised ? How was the settlement of this claim effected ? 



1838.] 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



233 



8. The policy of removing the Indians from their old 
abodes met with resistance almost everywhere. The Semi- 
noles agreed (9 May, 1832) to leave Florida, but, when the 
appointed time arrived, they refused to move. Osceola (os- 
se-o'lali), a chief of high capacity and spirit, was shackled 
and imprisoned by General Thompson (3 June, 1835). He 
swallowed his resentment for a time, but prepared a bloody 
revenge. Major Dade, with one hundred and seventeen men, 
fell into an ambush on his march from Tampa Bay to Fort 
King. All but one were slain, and he soon died of his 
wounds (28 Dec, 1835). General Thompson and his friends 
were murdered on the same day, in sight of Camp King. 
ISText day, General Clinch was attacked by Indians lurking 
in the swamp, as he crossed the Withlacoochee (with-la-eoo'- 
tshee) in pursuit of Osceola. Thrice he drove back the 
savages, but he was compelled to recross the stream, as the 
volunteers would not come to his aid from the further shore. 
The whole country south of Saint Augustine was ravaged 
when General Scott assumed the command (7 Feb., 1836). 
General Gaines, who had hastened to the relief of Clinch, 
shut up in Fort Drane, was encountered by the Indians on 
the Withlacoochee, but repelled them (29 Feb.). General 
Jessup, the successor of Scott, seized Osceola, who had 
come to his camp under a flag of truce (21 Oct.), and sent 
him as a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, where he pined away and 
died (Jan., 1838). A decisive victory was gained over the 
Seminoles by Colonel Zachary Taylor at the head of Lake 
Okeechobee (d-ke-tsho'be) (25 Dec). They made a treaty 
(1839), but hid themselves in the Everglades, and the war 
was not ended for three years more (1842). The expenses 
of the Seminole war exceeded fifteen millions and a half of 
dollars. 



8. How was the policy of removing the Indians regarded ? What had the Semi- 
noles agreed to do ? What was done with Osceola ? How did the Indians revenge 
this ? Who was appointed to the chief command of the American forces ? Give the 
progress of the contest. What was the expense of this war ? 



234 



HIST OH Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1837. 



9. General Scott had been recalled from Florida to pro- 
ceed against the Creeks, who had been instigated by Osceola, 
along with other and more distant tribes, to take up the 
tomahawk. They commenced hostilities by ferocious mas- 
sacres on the Chattahoochee (May, 1836). Peace was restored 
during the summer, and the Creeks were removed. 

10. The war against the Seminoles lasted far beyond 
Jackson's administration, which had been marked by bold 
measures, by imperious proceedings and by the provocation 
of the bitterest political enmities. The harmony which 
sweetened Monroe's government was exchanged for the 
violent antipathies and contending policies of the Democrats 
and the Whigs. The latter advocated a national bank, a 
high tariff, a liberal expenditure of the public money on 
works of internal improvement, and kindred schemes. The 
former maintained Jackson's principles; and, as much of 
their strength lay at the South, they resisted all interference 
with slavery. Supporters of the doctrine of State Rights 
were found in the ranks of both ; but those who pushed the 
theory to its extreme consequences constituted the "Calhoun 
wing of the Democratic Party." This wing exercised much 
influence by the ability of its leaders, rather than by its 
numbers. General Jackson rendered great service to his 
country, and secured for it a proud position among the na- 
tions ; but these benefits were conferred in an arbitrary man- 
ner, and by questionable means, and they left angry feelings 
to fester in the hearts of the people. He first introduced the 
practice of filling all offices with party friends. He withdrew 
from public life, and spent the remainder of his days at 
The Hermitage — his home in Tennessee, where he died on 
the 8th of June, 1845. He was succeeded in the presidency 

9. For what purpose had General Scott been recalled from Florida ? Where did 
ihe Creeks and other tribes commence hostilities ? When was peace restored ? 

10. Did the Seminole war end with Jackson's administration ? What had marked 
his term of office ? Into what two great political parties were the people divided ? 
What did the Whigs advocate ? What, the Democrats ? What did the " Calhoun 
wing 1 ' advocate and exercise ? What characterized Jackson's term of office ? W h( 
succeeded him ? 



1837.] 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



235 



by Martin Yan Buren, of New York. Richard M. Johnson, 
of Kentucky, who was said to have killed Tecumseh, was the 
next vice-president. 

11. The growth of the country under Jackson's vigorous 
rule is shown by the progress made in removing the Indians 
from the eastern side of the Mississippi, by the accession of 
Arkansas and Michigan to the Union, and by the distribu- 
tion of thirty-seven and a half millions of dollars of surplus 
revenue to the several States (1836). The constitutionality 
of this disposition of the proceeds of the public lands was 
doubted, and the State of Virginia refused to receive its 
share of the money. 

The fifth census of the United States (1830) ascertained 
the number of the people to be 12,866,020. 



CHAPTEE III. 

Administrations of Martin Van Buren, General 
Harrison, and John Tyler. — 1837-1845. 

Summary, — 1. Character of Martin Van Buren. 2. Bank suspensions.— Extra 
session of Congress. 3. Canadian rebellion.— Seizure of the steamer Caroline. 
4. Morsels magnetic telegraph.— Sixth census, — Opposition to Van Buren. — 
Triumph of the Whig party. 5. Harrison elected. 6. Death of Harrison.— 
John Tyler becomes president. — His character and views. T. Sub-Treasury 
Act repealed. — National Bank Act passed.— Tariff Act passed. 8. Mr. Webster's 
negotiations with Great Britain. 9. Explorations of the Rocky Mountains. 
10. Civil war in Rhode Island. 1 1 . Negotiations for the acquisition of Texas. 
— Mexican War. — Independence of Texas secured. 

1. Martin Van Buren inherited the policy of General 
Jackson, whose secretary of state he had been for two years, 
and in whose second term he had been vice-president. He 



11. How was the growth of the country shown under Jackson's rule? What 
was the population in 1830, as exhibited by the census ? 
1. Whose policy did Van Buren adopt ? Describe his character. 



236 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1840. 




was altogether unlike his predecessor. Elegant, accomplished, 
adroit, and possessed of many social graces, he attained his 

ends by the exercise of 
consummate tact. 

2. Van Buren had been 
only a few weeks in office 
when a disastrous com- 
mercial revulsion took 
place. Speculation had 
reached the wildest excess 
in the late prosperous 
years. An effort was made 
to arrest the perilous in- 
fatuation by a " specie 
circular," which required 
gold and silver in pay- 
ment of government dues (1835). The banks suspended 
specie payments (10 May, 1837). Universal panic and dis- 
tress spread over the land. Domestic and foreign credit 
were at an end, and the public revenues, recently overflow- 
ing, were dried up. An extra session of Congress was called, 
and the president recommended that the government funds 
should be henceforth retained in the keeping of the govern- 
ment. " The Sub-Treasury Bill," as it was termed, did not 
pass at this time, but was enacted at a later period (1840). 

3. The effects of this financial calamity were still painfully 
felt when the tranquillity of the government was disturbed, 
and its friendly relations with Great Britain endangered by 
the outbreak of the Canadian Rebellion. Along the whole 
northern line, from Michigan to New Hampshire, partisans 
of the insurgents invaded or infested the Canadas. General 



PRESIDENT VAN BUREN. 



2. What took place soon after he entered upon his office ? What did the " specie 
circular 11 require ? What did the banks do in consequence ? What was the condi- 
tion of the public credit ? What body was called to assemble ? What did the presi 
dent recommend ? 

3. What disturbed the tranquillity of the government ? Who invaded Canada 
What occasioned a diplomatic correspondence ? 



1841.] ADMIN1STRA TIONS OF VAN B UREN, HARRISON, & TYLER. 23? 



Scott was able to prevent any very serious infraction of inter- 
national law, but the seizure of the steamer Caroline and its 
destruction by fire and the rapids of Niagara (29 Dec.) 
occasioned a long and unpleasant diplomatic correspondence. 

4. It should be noticed that in Mr. Van Buren's first year 
a patent was issued for Morse's magnetic telegraph, but no 
line was put into operation till seven years had elapsed (1844). 

The sixth census (1840) showed a population of 17,069,453. 

Mr. Van Buren was not re-elected. His character invited 
distrust ; and his Sub-Treasury scheme united against him 
the banks, the capitalists, the speculators, and nearly all who 
had thriven during the prosperous time, or had suffered by 
the great collapse. The Whig party achieved its first tri- 
umph by the election of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, 
to the presidency, and John Tyler, of Virginia, to the vice- 
presidency. 

5. General Harrison had 
been withdrawn from pub- 
lic view for nearly a 
quarter of a century. 
His military reputation, 
acquired in the war ol 
1812, and in the Indian 
war preceding it, was re- 
vived to win popularity 
for the opponents of Jack- 
son's policy, and for the 
defeat of the Democrats. 
The canvass was exceed- 
ingly animated. Melodies 
on Tecumseh and Tippe- 
canoe and the war of 1812, produced perhaps a stronger 



4. What patent had been issued in Mr. Van Buren's first year? What was the 
population at the sixth census ? What operated against Van Buren ? What party 
achieved its first victory ? Who was elected president ? 

5. In what wars had General Harrison acquired military reputation ? What is 
said of the canvass ? 




238 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1841. 



influence on the mass of the voters than the eloquent ha- 
rangues of Preston, Webster, Clay, Rives (reeves), and others 
inferior only to such orators. 

6. The Whig triumph was brief : President Harrison died 
exactly a month after assuming the presidency. According 

to the provisions of 
the Constitution, he 
was succeeded by the 
vice-president, John 
Tyler, of Virginia. 
"Honest John Tyler," 
as he was fondly 
called by his friends 
and by popular ac- 
clamation, was a gen- 
tleman of pure and 
simple character, of 
elegant manners, of 
more firmness than 
energy, and of con- 
siderable talents. His 
experience of public 
life, " which public manner breeds," was limited, but suffi- 
cient, when he found himself accidentally at the head of the 
government, and of a party from which he differed on the 
cardinal questions of the Bank, the Tariff, and State Rights. 

7. The Whigs availed themselves of their ascendency to 
repeal the Sub-Treasury Act (6 Aug.), and to pass an Act 
for the establishment of a National Bank, devised by their 
leader, Air. Clay. The latter measure was frustrated by the 
president's veto (16 Aug.) ; and the veto was repeated 
when a new Bill for the same purpose was passed (9 Sept.). 
A Tariff Act was also stopped by the same procedure 

6. How long did President Harrison remain in office ? Who succeeded him ? De 
scribe his character. 

7. What act was repealed? What acts were passed? How was this action re 
ceived ? What did the cabinet do ? How did he form a new one ? 




PRESIDENT TYLER. 



1 844.] ADM1NISTRA TIOXS OF VANBUREN, HARRISON, & TYLER. 239 



(20 Aug.). The president was thus thrown into open oppo- 
sition to the party which had elected him. His whole 
cabinet resigned, except Mr. Webster, who remained to con- 
clude negotiations then pending. His position was difficult. 
Without a party, he was compelled promptly to replace his 
cabinet. He secured the services of very able men by 
requiring no surrender of their opinions or connections, and 
illustrated his administration by some of the most striking 
successes in American diplomacy. 

8. Mr. Webster remained in the office of secretary of 
state to conduct the negotiations with Great Britain in re- 
gard to the seizure of the Caroline, the right of search on 
the African coast, and the boundary of Maine — questions 
which wore a menacing aspect. Lord Ashburton was 
appointed British envoy extraordinary, and a satisfactory 
agreement was reached by a frank interchange of views and 
comparison of claims. A treaty was concluded and was 
ratified by the Senate (20 Aug., 1842). 

9. About a month before the signing of this treaty, a dis- 
covery was made by Captain Fremont (fre-mo?it r ), which 
has singularly augmented the population, productions, and 
wealth of the United States. In his exploration of the Rocky 
Mountains, he fortunately found the South Pass (27 July), 
which furnished an easy passage for emigrant trains to the 
Columbia river and the Pacific. In this summer, Commodore 
Wilkes returned from his long and important exploring expe- 
dition by sea. 

10. The little State of Rhode Island was distracted by 
political convulsions and civil war. For nearly two hundred 
years it had flourished under the charter granted by Charles 
II. The Royal Patent was still the Constitution. Some 



8. For what purpose did Mr. Webster remain in office? Who was appointed 
British envoy ? What was concluded and ratified ? 

9. What event took place previous to the signing of this treaty ? What benefit 
from the discovery ? 

10. What events were occurring in the °t t ate of Rhode Inland ? Who led the in- 
surrection ? How did it result ? 



240 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1845. 



changes were proposed in the suffrage. Thomas W. Dorr, 
elected governor by the insurgents, sought possession of the 
high honor by force of arms. He assailed the State arsenal 
at Providence, but was repulsed by the militia, without a 
shot and without the sacrifice of life on either side (18 May, 
1842). He renewed the war, and was defeated at Chepachet 
(tshe-patcti ei) (28 June). The campaign resulted in the 
slaughter — of one man. Dorr was captured, convicted of 
treason, and imprisoned for life ; but was pardoned and re- 
leased in less than twelve months (27 June.) A new Con- 
stitution was put in operation next year (May, 1843). 

11. The close of Mr. Tyler's term was occupied with nego- 
tiations for the acquisition of Texas ; and the Texan question 
controlled the next election for the presidency. The territory 
of Texas had been first occupied by La Salle (1685), but it 
was soon reclaimed by Spain (1692). It was claimed by the 
United States as a part of Louisiana (1818), but was re- 
nounced by the treaty which ceded Florida (1819). Stephen 
Austin obtained from Mexico the confirmation of the grant 
for a colony within its limits made to his father (5 June, 
1821), and commenced a settlement which rapidly increased. 
Texas prepared to separate from the distracted union of 
States which constituted the Republic of Mexico. The 
Mexicans undertook to suppress what they regarded as re- 
bellion. They were defeated at Gonzalez (gon-zah'lez), and 
driven out of the country (2 Oct., 1835). Texas declared its 
independence (2 March, 1836). Santa Anna attacked and 
took the Fort of Alamo (al-ah'mo). The garrison were all 
slain in the fortnight's defence, or murdered after the capture 
(6 March, 1836). After a bloody battle at Goliad (19 March), 
Colonel Fanning surrendered with five hundred and twenty 



11. With what was the close of Tyler's administration occupied ? Who had oc- 
cupied the territory of Texas 't What did it prepare to do ? Who opposed them ? 
When did Texas declare its independence ? What did Santa Anna do ? Who cap- 
tured Santa Anna ? What was secured by this victory ? Was Texas admitted to the 
Union at this time ? Give an account of the measures for its admission ? In what 
way was Henry Clay defeated ? What became a State during Mr. Tyler's term ? 
What did the law provide for ? What terrible accident occurred in 1841 ? 

I 



1845.] ADMINISTRA TIONS OF VAN BUREN, HARRISON, & TYLER. 241 



men. They were all massacred but six, who made their 
escape (29 March). Santa Anna was routed and captured at 
San Jacinto (21 April) by General Samuel Houston (hews'to?i). 
The independence of Texas was secured by this victory, and 
was soon acknowledged by France, Great Britain, and the 
United States. Texas sought admission to the Union (1837), 
but was refused by Van Buren. Mr. Tyler negotiated a 
treaty for its annexation (12 April, 1844), but it was rejected 
by the Senate. A joint resolution for the purpose was adopted 
(1 March, 1845), after the people had declared their senti- 
ments by the election of James K. Polk, of Tennessee, to the 
presidency, with George M. Dallas, of Philadelphia, as vice- 
president, Henry Clay, the candidate of the Whigs, was 
defeated in great measure in consequence of his avowed 
hostility to this acquisition, as " compromising the national 
character, and dangerous to the integrity of the Union." 

Florida became a State during Mr. Tyler's term, and the 
law provided for the reception of Iowa. 

A terrible accident on board the United States steam- 
vessel, Princeton, produced deep gloom and sorrow (28 Feb., 
1844). A great gun, named the Peacemaker, burst, and 
killed Mr. Upshur, the secretary of state, Mr. Gilmer, the 
secretary of the navy, Commodore Kennon, chief of a naval 
bureau, and live others. The president was on board, but 
was not injured. 

J L 



242 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1845. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Administration of James K. Polk ; and the Mexican 
War.— 1845-1849. 

Summary, — 1. Description of James K. Polk. — Texas annexed. 2. General Tay- 
lor at Corpus Christi. — Mexico declares war. 3. Rio Grande crossed by General 
Arista. — Progress of the war. 4. Northern boundary of Oregon settled. 5. 
Fremont threatened by the Mexican authorities. — California declares its inde- 
pendence. 6. Volunteers for the Mexican war. — General Taylor advances on 
Monterey. 7. Santa Anna returns from Havana. — He becomes president of the 
Republic. — Attack upon the invaders. 8. Attack on Vera Cruz.— Battle of Buena 
Vista. 9. Condition of the ''Army of the West." — Santa Fe captured. 10. 
Navajos compelled to make peace. — Contest in Mexico. — Revolt breaks out. 
1 1 . General Scott marches toward the city of Mexico. — Success of his army. — 
Spoils captured. — Progress of the attack. 12. Reinforcements arrive. — March 
resumed. 13. Hostilities resumed.— General Scott and his army march into the 
grand square.— Treaty with Mexico. 14. Discovery of gold. 15. Aid sent to 
Ireland. 1 6. General Taylor elected president.— Iowa and Wisconsin admitted. 
—Seventh census. 

1. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, possessed solid rather 
than shining qualities. He was selected, not for his distinc- 
tion or abilities, but because he was the partisan of Van 
Buren, and favored the annexation or "re-annexation" of 
Texas. Mexico had already thrice menaced war if Texas 
should be annexed by the United States. Texas accepted the 
terms of annexation proposed (4 July, 1845), and called, as 
she had previously called, for protection. General Zachary 
Taylor was charged to defend the frontier of the new State ; 
Commodore Connor was directed to appear with a squadron 
before Vera Cruz, and Commodore Sloat was commissioned 
to seize California as soon as hostilities commenced. Nego- 
tiations were, however, still prosecuted with the Mexican 



1. What is said of James K. Polk? What did he favor? What country had 
menaced war ? What did Texas accept and call for ? Who was intrusted with the 
defence of the new State ? For what purpose were other officers sent ? What pro- 
posals were made ? 



1846.] 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



243 



government, and proposals were made for the purchase of 
California and the boundary of the Rio Grande for Texas. 

2. General Taylor took 
up a position at Corpus 
Christi (30 July) and wait- 
ed for events. In the be- 
ginning of the next year 
he was ordered to the Rio 
Grande ; and he encamped 
opposite Matamoras (28 
March, 1846). Mexico de- 
clared w^ar. Congress ac- 
cepted it previous to this 
declaration. In two days, 
General Scott drew out a 
hasty but vast project for 
the campaign (16 May). 
California was to be taken by the fleet, in conjunction with 
"the Army of the West," under General Kearney (kam'y), 
moving from Fort Leavenworth (lev'en-wurtti), and conquer- 
ing New Mexico on its route. • 6 The Army of the Centre," 
under General Wool, was to proceed from San Antonio de 
Bexar (bd'hyar) in Texas, and overrun Coahuila (co-a-wheeV d) 
and Chihuahua (tshe-waw'wah). " The Army of Occupation," 
under General Taylor, was to defend the line of the Rio 
Grande, and penetrate the enemy's country, if expedient. 
Bloody battles had been fought before this plan was devised. 

3. General Arista crossed the Rio Grande, designing either 
to surround the Americans in front of Matamoras, or to cut 
them off from their supplies at Point Isabel. Taylor led his 
main force to that point, leaving a small garrison in his lines 



2. At what place did General Taylor take up his position ? What did Mexico de- 
clare ? What did Congress do ? What did General Scott draw oat ? What was 
this plan ? What had been fought previous to this plan ? 

3. For what purpose did General Arista cross the Rio Grande ? Who led his force 
to Point Isabel ? What recalled Taylor ? What ensued ? What took fire ? At what 
place were the Americans arrested ? What took place ? What did Colonel May ac- 
complish ? What was the lo^s in these battles ? What city was occupied by Taylor ? 




244 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1846. 



under Major Brown. Brown was assailed, and was himself 
slain (3-9 May). The cannonade recalled Taylor, who wrote 
to his government : " If the enemy opposes my march, in 
whatever force, I shall light him." The enemy did oppose 
his march, with six thousand men, commanded by General 
Arista, and favorably stationed at Palo Alto (8 May). The 
Americans were only twenty-three hundred. A furious en- 
gagement ensued. The dry grass of the prairie took fire, 
and screened the manoeuvres of the combatants. The Mex- 
ican attack w r as steadily repulsed. Night fell upon the scene, 
and the enemy retired unpursued. Next day the Americans 
were arrested at Resaca de la Palma, where General Arista 
had occupied both sides of a ravine with strong batteries and 
with his army increased to eight thousand men (9 May). A 
desperate hand-to-hand conflict took place amid dense thick- 
ets and broken ground, but the Mexicans were slowly pressed 
back. Colonel May charged a battery with his dragoons, 
took it, sabred the men at the guns, and turned the captured 
pieces against the foe. As he started on the charge, Lieuten- 
ant Ridgeley of the artillery called out, " Stop, Charley, till 
I draw their fire for you." The enemy were now driven 
from the field in headlong and ruinous flight ; and many of 
the fugitives were drowned in the effort to repass the river. 
In the two battles the Mexicans lost more than twelve hun- 
dred slain or drowned. The American loss did not exceed 
fifty killed and one hundred and fifty wounded. Matamoras 
was deserted, and was occupied by Taylor (18 May), who 
waited here in long inaction for the arrival of the volunteers 
who had been called out. 

4. In the interval which preceded the renewal of active 
operations, important transactions occurred elsewhere. A 
treaty with Great Britain, signed at Washington (16 June), 
settled the boundary of Oregon on the north. The president 
had declared the title of the United States to the whole ter- 



4. What important transactions had occurred elsewhere ? What had the president 
declared ? Upon what did General Cass insist ? Who exposed these pretensions ? 



1846.] 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



245 



ritory in dispute to be " clear and unquestionable/' General 
Cass insisted on all south of the line established by treaty 
with Russia, "fifty-four forty (5 4° 40') or fight." But Sen- 
ator Benton exposed the absurdity and extravagance of these 
pretensions, and showed that they were founded upon total 
ignorance of the whole matter. 

5. The orders given to Commodore Sloat have been already 
mentioned. Colonel Fremont was in California, having 
reached it professedly on another exploring expedition. He 
was threatened by the Mexican authorities, and defended 
himself with great energy and skill, co-operating also with 
the naval force on the coast. The Americans in California 
declared the independence of the province, and named Fre- 
mont governor. Monterey (mon-ta-ra') and San Francisco 
were taken (8 July). As soon as official notice of the war 
arrived the California flag was replaced by that of the United 
States. 

6. When the news of bloodshed and of Taylor's splendid 
successes reached the States, crowds of volunteers demanded 
the acceptance of their services. When they arrived, and 
the requisite arrangements were made, General Taylor ad- 
vanced against Monterey, the capital of New Leon (la'oii). 
Desperately attacking and desperately resisted, he stormed 
entrenchments, and fortifications, and the stone houses of the 
streets, and compelled the surrender of the town (23 Sept.). 
With six thousand troops he had captured a fortified city 
defended by General Ampudia (am~poo' de-a) with nine thou- 
sand. An armistice of eight weeks was concluded ; but it 
was not ratified by the American government. Taylor pro- 
ceeded toward Tampico {tarn-pee 1 co) to co-operate with the 
fleet in the reduction of the place ; but, hearing of its evacu- 
ation and surrender, he returned to Monterey, sending part 

5. For what purpose was Fremont in California ? By whom was he threatened ? 
How did he defend himself? What did the Americans in the province declare? 
Who was appointed governor ? 

6. What effect had Taylor's successes ? Against what city did General Taylor ad- 
vance ? Give the progress of the attack. What was concluded ? To what point 
did Taylor proceed ? What other place was occupied ? 



246 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES^ 



[1847. 



of his army to seize and occupy Vittoria, the capital of Ta- 
maulipas, which was done (29 Dec). 

7. General Worth stationed at Saltillo, was alarmed 
by rumors of the approach of Santa Anna. Santa Anna 
had returned to Mexico from his exile at Havana, and had 
passed through the American fleet off Vera Cruz with a per- 
mit signed by the secretary of the navy. Whatever pledges 
he may have given were disregarded. He became president 
of the Mexican Republic, gathered a large and well-appointed 
army, and hastened to crush the invaders at Monterey. Gen- 
eral Worth summoned General Wool to his aid. Wool had 
organized the volunteers, sent nine thousand to General 
Taylor, and started from San Antonio with three thousand 
men for the conquest of Coahuila and Chihuahua. Mondova, 
the capital of the former province, welcomed his appearance 
(31 Oct.) ; but the route to Chihuahua was deemed imprac- 
ticable, and he rushed to the assistance of Worth when 
apprized of his danger. 

8. A change was made in the plan of operations. An 
attack on Vera Cruz by land and sea, under the conduct of 
General ScotU was projected (23 Nov.). A large part of 
Taylor's forces, including many of his best officers, and 
nearly all his regulars, was withdrawn from him for the new 
enterprize. Much popular dissatisfaction was excited by 
this procedure. Taylor felt it deeply. He did not complain, 
but resolutely turned to the discharge of duties whose diffi- 
culty and danger were greatly heightened. It was expected 
that Santa Anna would hurry back to the defence of Vera 
Cruz. This did not occur. Taylor, with reduced forces and 
wounded spirit, occupied a strong position at Buena Vista 
(bvm'nah vis'tah). He had less than five thousand men, nearly 

7. At what place was General Worth stationed ? Who had returned from exile ? 
What did he disregard ? What did he become ? Whither did he hasten ? What did 
General Worth do ? 

8. What was made in the plan of operations ? What was projected ? What did 
this cause ? How did Taylor feel ? At what place did he occupy a strong position ? 
Describe the condition of the two armies. What was done during Taylor's absence 
at Saltillo? What re-enforcements arrived? What did the Americans expect? 
What did they find in the morning ? 



1847.] 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



247 



all of them raw volunteers. Santa Anna led an army of 
twenty-two thousand men, and demanded an unconditional 
surrender. The demand was rejected with quiet decision 
(22 Feb., 1847). Next morning the battle commenced dur- 
ing General Taylor's absence at Saltillo. The left flank of 
his line was broken, and the rear threatened, when he arrived 
on the field with the Mississippi regiment of Colonel Jeffer- 
son Davis, his son-in-law. The gallantry of Davis, and of 
Bragg's and Sherman's artillery, checked the progress of 
disaster. Several desperate assaults upon the centre by ser- 
ried masses were repulsed with fearful slaughter. Overpow- 
ering numbers threatened destruction, when Bragg's battery 
wheeled into position and poured grape and canister into 
the dense masses of the Mexican column. Night closed 
down upon the bloody defile. The battle had been lost and 
restored. The Americans slept upon their arms, expecting 
to renew the hopeless fight with the morning. In the morn- 
ing the enemy were gone. 

9. " The Army of the West" consisted of sixteen hundred 
Missouri volunteers, five hundred Mormons, and six hundred 
regular cavalry. General Kearney, its commander, left Fort 
Leavenworth (30 June, 1846), traversed the Great American 
Desert, and took Santa Fe (fay) (18 Aug.), four thousand 
Mexican troops having retired with the governor on his ap- 
proach. He " absolved the people from their allegiance to 
Mexico, and claimed them as citizens of the United States" 
(22 Aug.). From this point Colonel Doniphan, with one 
Missouri regiment, was ordered to join General Wool in Chi- 
huahua, and Colonel Gilpin was sent to chastise the Navajo 
(nav ! a-ho) Indians. The defence of New Mexico was to be 
intrusted to Colonel Sterling Price and a Missouri regiment 
on their arrival. Kearney set out himself with three hun- 
dred dragoons for California (Sept.), but sent back two-thirds 



9. Of what did the 44 Army of the West" consist ? What did General Kearney do ? 
Who was ordered to join General Wool ? To whom was the defence of New Mexico 
intrusted ? What was proclaimed ? 



248 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1847. 



of the little force on the arrival of an express from Fremont 
announcing its conquest. Reaching California, he proclaimed 
its annexation to the United States (18 Feb., 1847). He en- 
gaged in an unfortunate controversy with Colonel Fremont, 
which led to the dismissal of that officer from the service. 

10. Colonel Gilpin compelled the Navajos to make peace 
(22 Nov., 18 46). Doniphan started from Santa Fe for Chi- 
huahua (Dec, 1846), where he expected to meet Wool; but 
Wool had turned aside from his proposed route, and united 
with Worth beyond Saltillo. Doniphan was thus left en- 
tirely to his own resources. At Brazito (braz-ee'to) he routed 
twelve hundred Mexicans, killing and wounding two hun- 
dred, and having only seven of his own men wounded (25 
Dec). Two days afterward he entered El Paso (pah'zo), 
where he was detained. In prosecuting his journey he forced 
the pass of Sacramento (28 Feb., 1847), and entered the city 
of Chihuahua. Before another month he joined Wool at 
Saltillo (22 March), and was sent back to Missouri with his 
way-worn followers. A revolt, commenced with a massacre 
(15 Jan.), broke out in New Mexico, but was promptly sup- 
pressed by the rapid energy of Colonel Sterling Price, who 
defeated the insurgents amid the mountain snows at Covoda 
(23 Jan.), La Joya (yo'ya) (29), and Taos (tah'os) 
(4 Feb.). 

11. As Santa Anna's restoration had not improved the 
prospects for peace, General Scott was charged with a direct 
attack on the city of Mexico. Slowly and deliberately he 
prepared the means of insuring success and increasing his 
military reputation. The landing of the troops, twelve 
thousand in number, before Vera Cruz, was effected without 



10. Who compelled the Navajos to make peace ? Who started from Santa Fe, and 
for what place? What had General Wool done? What was accomplished at Hra- 
zito ? What place was entered subsequently ? Before another month, whom did he 
join ? What broke out ? How was it suppressed ? 

11. What is said of Santa Anna's restoration? With what was General Scott 
charged ? What was the progress of the march ? Where did he meet with opposi- 
tion ? What did Captain Lee construct ? When was the attack made ? What was 
accomplished? With what was Scott embarrassed? What place was entered the 
day after ? What city was occupied three weeks later ? For what did Scott wait ? 



184T.] 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



a single disaster (9 March, 1847). The city was bombarded 
from the land and sea, and compelled to capitulate with the 
surrender of the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa (san 
whahn! da oo-lo'ah). With brief delay Scott took up his line 
of march by the national road (8 April). His progress was 
unopposed till he reached Plan del Rio (ree'o), at the foot of 
the mountains. The heights above were held by Santa Anna, 
who occupied the pass of Cerro Gordo (ser'ro gov' do), with 
twelve thousand men, and formidable batteries. The Amer- 
ican force was only eight thousand five hundred. A front 
attack was impracticable, but a new road was secretly con- 
structed by the persevering genius of Captain R. E. Lee and 
the energy of Lieutenant Beauregard (bo're-gard), which 
turned the Mexican flank and fell into the great road in the 
rear. Early next morning the ascent was made — the heights 
were gained — the strong positions carried with great blood- 
shed. The Mexicans were utterly routed, and pursued till 
the steeples of Jalapa (ha-lah'pa) were in sight (18 April). 
Santa Anna escaped on a mule. Scott was " embarrassed with 
the results of victory" — three thousand prisoners, including 
five generals, forty-three bronze guns, five thousand stand of 
arms, and other spoils. On the field lay two hundred and 
fifty American, three hundred and fifty Mexican dead. Num- 
bers of the fugitives were slain. The flight of the Mexi- 
cans — the pursuit of the Americans were unbroken. Jalapa 
was entered the day after the battle. In three days more 
the fortress of Perote (pd-ro'td), crowning the eastern Cor- 
dillera {cor-del-ya'rd), was taken, with fifty-four cannon and 
mortars, and much ammunition (22 April). In three weeks 
more Puebla (poo-d'bld), a city of eighty thousand inhabit- 
ants, near the Toltec pyramids of Cholula (tsho-loo'ld), was 
occupied. Here, on the high table-land of Anahuac (an'd- 
wack), Scott waited for re-enforcements, with his army re- 
duced to four thousand five hundred men, while N". P. Trist, 
as United States commissioner, offered vain proposals for 
peace. 

11* 



250 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1847. 



12. After the arrival of re-enforcements Scott resumed his 
march on Mexico with an army of nearly eleven thousand 
men (7 Aug.), The great national road which he followed 
ascended to the Pass of the Rio Frio (ree'o free 1 6), in the 
main chain of the Rocky Mountains. A few r miles more 
brought the eager troops to the crest of that mighty range, 
where they looked from the clouds on all the beauty of the 
valley of Mexico. On their left rose the towering volcanic 
peaks of Popocatapetl (po ! po~Jca?t-ta-petl') and Iztaccihuatl 
(is'tak-se-whatl) ; on the right, at the distance of forty miles, 
lay the city of the Aztecs, nestled amid blue lakes and verdant 
plains. The great road and all the passages between Lake 
Tezcuco (tez-coo'co) and Lake Chalco (tshaVco) were occupied 
by the Mexicans and protected by almost impregnable forts. 
General Scott turned to the left, cutting a new road round 
the southern shore of the latter lake, seized the highway 
from Acapulco on the Pacific, and stood within nine miles of 
the capital (18 Aug.). In his front were the fortified heights 
of Contreras (con~trd'ras), the Pass of San Antonio, and the 
strong but incomplete works of Churubusco (ts/ioo'roo-boos'co). 
Twice at midnight General Persifer F. Smith left his lines to 
assault Contreras, defended by twenty-two guns. Both 
nights were pitch dark — the second cold and rainy. The first 
attack was ineffectual; the second carried the enemy's works 
at daylight after a fierce struggle of seventeen minutes. The 
Pass of San Antonio was forced — and two columns, moving 
on different lines, stormed the works of Churubusco and cap- 
tured them after a deadly conflict of three hours (20 Aug.). 
Four actions were fought— a fifth victory was gained this 
day, a mile in the rear of Churubusco, over seven thousand 
Mexicans coming up to aid their yielding countrymen. The 
Mexicans had thirty-two thousand men ; the Americans less 



12. What was done after re-enforcements arrived? Describe the march. By 
whom were the great road and passages occcupied ? Which way did Scott tun? ? 
How far was he from the capital ? Describe the attack. How many actions were 
fought ? What was the force on each side ? What proposals were made ? 



1847.] 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



251 



than a third of that number. Proposals for peace were 
made; and an armistice was granted (21 Aug.). Negotia- 
tions w r ere attempted by Trist, but without success. 

13. When this failure was announced, hostilities w r ere 
promptly resumed. Within cannon-shot of Tacubaya (tak- 
oo-bahl y a), where Scott occupied the palace of the archbishop 
of Mexico, rose the castle of Chapul tepee {tsha-pool ta-peh) , 
on a volcanic bluff one hundred and fifty feet high. It com- 
manded all the approaches to the city and the city itself. 
Here had been the halls of Montezuma ; then it became the 
palace of the Spanish viceroys : it was now the military col- 
lege, and was partly defended by its cadets. It was accessi- 
ble only by its eastern slope, and was protected on this side 
by stone buildings and lines of intrenchments at Molino del 
Rey (mo-lee'no del ra). These works were held by Santa 
Anna with fourteen thousand men. General Worth, with 
three thousand two hundred, forced and took them after a 
stubborn conflict. They were destroyed and evacuated (8 
Sept.). The castle of Cherubusco was now open to attack. 
It was stormed, and its defenders pushed down the rugged 
slopes (13 Sept.). The city of Mexico lay almost defenceless 
on the lake about three miles beyond. Early next morning 
General Scott entered the grand square of Mexico with his 
victorious army, and the American flag floated over the 
national palace (14 Sept.). The civil government, the Mexi- 
can forces, and Santa Anna had withdrawn. The war was 
over, though fighting was not entirely at an end. The gar- 
rison at Puebla was besieged by Santa Anna (13 Sept.-12 
Oct.), who was met by General Lane advancing to its relief, 
and defeated at Huamautla (wha-rnaut'la) (9 Oct.). A treaty 
w T as signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo ((jivah-da-loopd hee-daVgo) 



1 3. Were the negotiations accepted ? What famous castle was in view of Scott's 
army ? What did it command ? Describe its approaches. Who held the intrench- 
ments at Molino del Key ? State the progress of the siege. Where did the city of 
Mexico lay? What did General Scott do? Who had withdrawn? Was fighting 
entirely over ? W r here was a treaty signed ? What were the terms ? What did the 
war cost the United States ? 



252 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1847. 



by Mr. Trist (2 Feb., 1848), whose commission had been 
revoked. It was much discussed in the United States 
Senate, but was finally ratified, after receiving sundry modi- 
fications (10 March). Peace was proclaimed 4 July, 1848. 
By the terms of the treaty the United States acquired the 
vast domains of Texas, New Mexico, and Upper California — 
a region equal in extent to all the territory left to Mexico ; 
but eighteen and a quarter millions of dollars were to be 
paid as purchase- money r $3,250,000 being devoted to the 
satisfaction of American claims. The cost of the war to the 
United States was twenty thousand lives and $200,000,000 in 
money. 

14. The value of the new acquisitions was much enhanced 
by the discovery of gold on the Sacramento river, almost at 
the same time that Mr. Trist put his signature to the 
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb.). The startling news 
spread over the globe. From the Missouri and the Missis- 
sippi — from the Mexican gulf and the Atlantic seaboard — 
from Europe, from Australia, and from China, crowds flocked 
to the golden shores with an enthusiasm unequalled since the 
days of the Crusades. In twenty years, nearly one thousand 
millions of dollars were added to the treasure of the world 
by the Californian mines alone. But the golden fruit was 
an apple of contention. The Missouri Compromise was again 
debated. The Wilmot Proviso for the exclusion of slavery 
from future territory had been introduced (1846), but not 
passed ; and Mr. Calhoun declared that " the separation of 
the North and the South is completed." Many years, how- 
ever, intervened before the weapons of the tongue and the 
pen were exchanged for those of the battle. 

15. If the United States struck down a feeble nation with 
one hand, they relieved the misery of an afflicted people with 
the other. A strange disease destroyed the potato crop — the 



14. By what was the value of the new acquisition enhanced ? Who flocked tr 
the country ? What was again debated ? What proposition had been introduced ? 

1 5. To what country did the United States send assistance ? In what ways ? 



1848.] 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



253 



supposed gift of America — which constituted the chief sub- 
sistence of the mass of the Irish. That wretched population 
was famishing in the midst of an abundant world. The 
sympathies of the Americans were aroused. Private dona- 
tions were hurried forward to the starving multitudes ; and 
the United States ship, Jamestown, bore across the Atlantic 
food for the most pressing necessities (28 March-22 April, 
1847). 

16. Polk's administration was thus crowded with memora- 
ble transactions, but it quickened all the seeds of dissension. 
California became a subject of angry dispute. Polk was not 
re-nominated, but General Cass was made the Democratic 
candidate. Henry Clay was again pushed aside by the 
Whigs, anxious to profit by recent military renown, and 
General Zachary Taylor was made their standard-bearer. 
But an omen of coming strife w^as presented by a third and 
Free-Soil candidate. General Taylor was elected president ; 
with Millard Fillmore as vice-president. 

The States of Iowa and Wisconsin were received into the 
rapidly-extending federation during the presidency of Polk ; 
and the growth of the population was displayed by the 
seventh census, taken the year after his retirement, which 
estimated the population at 23,191,876. 



1 6. What was quickened during Polk's administration ? Who was elected presi- 
dent ? What States were admitted ? What was the seventh census ? 



254 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1849. 



CHAPTER V. 

Administrations of Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce. — 

1849-1857. 

Summary*— 1. Character of General Taylor. 2. Dissensions revived.— The 
tk Omnibus Bill 1 ' proposed. — California admitted. — Utah and Mexico constituted 
Territories. 3. Death of General Taylor. — Character of his successor. — South- 
ern Convention. 4. Invasion of Cuba.— Visit of Louis Kossuth to the United 
States. 5. Expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin. 6. Taking of the 
census. 7. Three candidates for the presidency. 8. Pierce elected president. 
— Troubles during th« administration. — Treaties made. 9. Bill introduced for 
the organization of Kansas and Nebraska. — Passage of the bill. 10. Difficulties 
in the West. 11. Kansas war. 12. Three candidates for the presidency. 
13. Explorations, etc. 

1. General Zachary Taylor was placed in the highest civil 

station by the people. His 
sturdy virtues were indi- 
cated by his designation of 
" Rough and Ready" — an 
epithet borrowed from the 
camp and caught up by the 
multitude. His nature was 
simple, sincere, pure, and 
affectionate — a good man 
clothed by circumstances 
with the highest powers. 
But he was unsuited for 
the presidency at a time 

president taylor. when everything inflamed 

political strife. 

2. The conquests from Mexico revived dissension. Cali- 

1. Who was placed at the head of the government? By what epithet was he 
designated ? What was his character ? 

%\ What revived dissension ? What had California framed ? Where did half of 
its domain lay ? What did Mr. Clay report? Did this bill pass ? In what was its 
substance embodied ? W T hat was done in regard to Utah and New Mexico ? What 
was Texas to receive ? Where was the slave-trade abolished ? 




1849.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR, FILLMORE, & PIERCE. 255 



fornia, soon peopled through the attractions of its gold-mines, 
framed a Constitution excluding slavery, and claimed a place 
among the States. Half of its domain lay south of the line 
established by the Missouri Compromise. The northern and 
southern States contended for the golden prize. The president 
was bewildered and powerless. Mr. Clay, who had often 
soothed or postponed sectional discords, reported from a 
select committee a series of compromises, in a bill termed 
" the Omnibus Bill," from the number and variety of its 
provisions (8 May, 1850). This bill did not pass, but its 
substance was embodied in separate Acts which were adopted 
during the year. California was admitted as a free State. 
Utah and New Mexico were constituted territories, without 
any provision on the subject of slavery. Texas was to re- 
ceive ten millions of dollars for the surrender of New Mexico ; 
and might be divided into not more than four States, with or 
without slavery. The slave-trade was abolished in the 
District of Columbia, and a law was passed to facilitate the 
recovery of fugitive slaves ; but this enactment was often 
frustrated by mob violence or local legislation. 

3. During the progress of the discussion on these measures, 
General Taylor died, a victim to changed habits of life, and 
the perplexities which surrounded him. Millard Fillmore, 
of New York, became president. He had risen from obscurity 
by industry, perseverance, and uprightness, and practised in 
the government the virtues by which he had risen. He en- 
deavored to execute the Compromise measures, and to cool 
the public fever which was already beyond cure. Delegates 
from seven Southern States met at Nashville (3 June to 
11 Nov., 1850) to devise remedies for the imminent peril to 
the institution of slavery, and to the States in which it existed. 
The remedy contemplated by some advocates of this conven- 



3. Wliat event occurred during the discussion of these measures ? What is said 
of his character and efforts? What did he endeavor to execute? For what pur- 
pose did the Southern delegates meet at Nashville ? What was the remedy con- 
templated ? What did the convention accomplish ? 



256 



HIST OB Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1853. 



tion was secession, which it was thought might be peaceably 
effected. The Nashville convention accomplished nothing. 

4. The island of Cuba 
was twice invaded by 
General Lopez and Cu- 
ban revolutionists, aid- 
ed by adventurers from 
the United States. On 
the second descent (12 
Aug., 1851) the invad- 
ers were defeated, and 
most of them were cap- 
tured. Colonel Critten- 
den and his command 
were shot (16 Aug.) ; 
Lopez was executed by 
the garrote {gar-rote') 
(1 Sept.). In the close 
of the year Louis Kos- 
g over nor of Hungary, 
was welcomed in the 




PRESIDENT FILLMORE. 



suth (ko-shoot'), the revolutionary 
reached New York (6 Dec), and 
Northern States with the wildest enthusiasm. The prevail- 
ing spirit of revolution was signally manifested in later years 
by the attempt of William Walker to conquer Lower Cali- 
fornia and Sonora (1853), and to seize Nicaragua (nik-ar-ah'- 
gwah) (1854). 

5. A more pleasing display of public sentiment was fur- 
nished by the repeated efforts of the government and of 
generous individuals to ascertain the fate of Sir John Frank- 
lin and his crews, who had never returned from a voyage of 
arctic exploration (1845). The most adventurous of these 
enterprises was that of Dr. Kane of Philadelphia (1853), 
whose account of hazards amons: frozen seas and mountains 



\. By whom was Cuba invaded ? How did it terminate ? What distinguished 

personage visited the United States ? 
5. What expeditions were fitted out ? 



1855.] ADM1NISTEA TIONS OF TA TL OR, FILLMORE, & PIER CE. 257 



of ice is the most attractive narrative of strange experiences 
in circumpolar regions. 

6. The census taken in the year of Taylor's death repre- 
sented the number of the population to be 23,191,876. The 
wealth of the country was increasing even more rapidly than 
the people. 

7. Three candidates for the presidency invited the suffrages 
of the citizens at the next election. General Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, was supported by the Democrats ; Gen- 
eral Winfield Scott by the Whigs; and John P. Hale, of 
New Hampshire, by the Free-Soil party, which was instituted 
to effect the exclusion of slavery from future Territories. 
General Pierce received an overwhelming electoral vote. 

8. Franklin Pierce had been a brigadier in the Mexican 
war, and his name had been thus revealed to his countrymen. 
William P. King, of Ala- 
bama, took the oath as vice- 
president in Cuba, whither 
he had gone to seek health. 
He soon died at his home 
(18 April) . Pierce's term of 
office was spent in anxiety, 
and in domestic and foreign 
troubles. Menacing negoti- 
ations were carried on with 
Mexico, with Austria, with 
Great Britain, and with 
Spain, but were peaceably 
terminated. The Gadsden 
treaty (30 Dec, 1853) set- 
tled the boundary with Mexico by a further payment of 

6. What did the census exhibit ? 

7. What candidates invited the suffrages of the people ? Who was elected ? 

8. What services had Pierce rendered the country? What is narrated of the 
vice-president ? How was this term of office characterized ? What did the Gadsden 
treaty settle? Upon what subject was a correspondence opened with Austria? 
What did the Reciprocity treaty settle ? What did the Ostend conference recom- 
mend ? What other treaty was made ? What notice was given to Denmark ? 




PRESIDENT PIERCE. 



258 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1856. 



$10,000,000. The correspondence of Secretary Marcy with 
the Austrian ambassador sustained the action of Captain In- 
graham in compelling the release from an Austrian war-ves- 
sel of Martin Koszta (kos'tah), one of the Hungarian refu- 
gees (2 June, 1853). The Reciprocity treaty with Great 
Britain (5 June, 1854) ended the disputes in regard to the 
fisheries. The Ostend conference, held by the American 
ambassadors to London, Paris, and Madrid (10-18 Oct., 
1854), recommended the purchase of Cuba. A treaty made 
by Commodore Perry at Kan-a-gaw-a (23 March, 1854) 
opened the ports of Japan to American commerce. Notice 
was given to Denmark that the " Sound Dues," a toll 
charged at Elsinore for entrance into the Baltic, would be 
discontinued (14 April, 1855). 

9. These grave transactions were of less moment than 
domestic proceedings. To remove from Federal politics dis- 
cords on the subject of slavery that might arise in the settle- 
ment of the vast region between Missouri and the Rocky 
Mountains, Senator Douglas, of Illinois, introduced a bill to 
organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, leaving 
slavery to be accepted or rejected by the settlers, and declar- 
ing the abrogation of the Missouri Compromise. The doc- 
trine of "Squatter Sovereignty" was violently opposed at 
the North and at the South, but the Kansas-Nebraska bill 
was passed (26 May, 1854). It changed the tone and pros- 
pects of political parties, occasioned the formation of a new 
one which took the name of Republican, and hastened the 
conflict which it sought to avoid. 

10. A distinct issue and a battle-ground were presented, 
and all Federal control of the subject of slavery was re- 
nounced. Both sections hastened to appropriate the debat- 



9. For what purpose did Senator Douglas introduce a bill? What doctrine was 
opposed, and where ? What bill was passed ? 

1 0. What control was renounced ? What did both sections hasten to do ? What 
secured the first advantage to the pro-slavery party ? In what way was emigration 
assisted ? What events occurred on the contested ground ? What was the character 
of John Brown ? What misfortune did he experience ? 



1857.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR, FILLMORE, & PIERCE. 259 



able territory of Kansas. The proximity of Missouri secured 
the first advantage for the pro-slavery party ; but the action 
of the Free-Soilers was more systematic and ultimately more 
effectual. Emigrant aid societies supplied eager columns of 
squatters from the East with means for the journey, for set- 
tlement, and for war (1854-5). (t Blue Lodges" in Missouri 
and along the border, and other associations, sustained and 
swelled the opposite party, and armed bodies were brought 
from the South. Frauds and outrages of all kinds became 
habitual : oppressions, cruelties, and murders were frequent. 
Settlements were broken up, villages besieged, plundered, 
or destroyed. Skirmishes, forays, and captures were multi- 
plied. In this horrid strife. John Brown, of Os-sa-wat'o-rnie, a 
plain, rude enthusiast; stern, fearless, and of indomitable will; 
became a noted leader of the Free-Soilers. His settlement 
was twice sacked. One of his sons became insane by harsh 
treatment and exposure ; another, the youngest, was butchered. 
By these injuries his fanaticism was heightened into frenzy. 

11. This Kansas war was stimulated and sustained by 
political dissensions, and the absence of any civil authority 
capable of commanding respect. The territorial legislature 
assembled (2 July, 1855), and enacted stringent laws for the 
maintenance of slavery. The Free-Soilers denied the legality 
of this legislature, and in a convention at To-pe'ka (23 
Oct.), formed a constitution excluding slavery, under which 
officers of government, and members of a legislature were 
chosen. Governor after governor was appointed without 
being able to repress disorder or to appease discontent. 
Brief tranquillity was obtained toward the close of Pierce's 
administration by the activity of Federal dragoons, and by the 
military dispersion of the Topeka legislature (7 Jan., 1857). 

12. The passions excited everywhere by "the Kansas 
troubles" affected the next election for president. Three 

1 1 . How was the Kansas war stimulated ? What did the territorial legislature 
do ? What did the Free-Soilers deny ? How was peace restored ? 

12. What affected the next election? What candidates were presented for the 
presidency ? Who was chosen president ? 



260 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1857. 



candidates were brought forward : James Buchanan, of 
Pennsylvania, with John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, for 
vice-president, by the Democrats ; Millard Fillmore, by the 
Whigs, who united with the recent faction of " Know-Noth- 
ings/' or native Americans ; and General John C. Fremont, 
of California, by the Free-Soilers, or Republicans. Fremont's 
success threatened civil war. This calamity was delayed for 
four years longer by the success of Buchanan and Brecken- 
ridge. 

13. General Pierce retired to his home at Concord, New 
Hampshire, and his reputation increased in retirement. Under 
his rule the exploration of railroad routes to the Pacific was 
undertaken, preparations were made for laying an electric 
cable between Great Britain and the United States, and hos- 
tilities were successfully conducted against the Indians on the 
Missouri and the Columbia. 



CHAPTER VI. 
Administration of James Buchanan. — 1857-1861. 

Summary*— 1. Public services of Buchanan. 2. Dred Scott decision.—" Personal 
Liberty Bills." 3. Kansas difficulties. 4. Troubles with the Mormons.— Mor- 
mon creed. — Community formed under Brigham Young. 5. Arsenal at Harpers 
Ferry seized. 6. Division of political parties. — Candidates for the presidential 
office.— Election of Mr. Lincoln. 7. States admitted during Buchanan's admin- 
istration. — Financial disasters. — Increase of the population. 8. Propositions in 
the Southern States for resistance to Federal authority. — Resignation of cabinet 
members. 9. Secession Ordinance passed in South Carolina. — Withdrawal of 
members from Congress. 1 0. Fort Sumter occupied by Major Anderson. 11. 
Fort Moultrie seized. 12. Meeting of a peace conference in Washington. 
13. Assembling of the Confederate Congress.— Jefferson Davis elected presi- 
dent. 14. President Lincoln apprehends a conspiracy. — Military protection. 

1. James Buchanan, the fifteenth president of the United 
States, had acquitted himself with respectable ability in a 

1 3. To what did General Pierce retire ? What explorations had been made during 
his rule ? For what were preparations in progress ? What hostilities were success- 
fully conducted ? 

1. Who was elected the fifteenth president? What had been his career previ 
ously ? What had he announced as the object of his administration ? 



1857.] 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



261 



long and varied course of public service, commencing with 
the year of the Missouri Compromise, and scarcely inter- 
rupted till he attained the 
highest station. He an- 
nounced (Nov., 1856) that 
" the object of his adminis- 
tration would be to destroy 
any sectional party, and to 
restore, if possible, that na- 
tional, fraternal feeling be- 
tween the different States 
that had existed during the 
days of the fathers of the 
republic." It was too late : 
interests were too widely 
divided, sentiments were 
too discordant, passions 
were too highly inflamed. 

2. Two days after Mr. Buchanan was inaugurated (6 
March) additional provocation was given to the political 
opponents of slavery by a judgment of the supreme court. 
In the " Dred Scott case," it was decided that a negro was 
not a citizen, and it was held by two-thirds of the judges 
that the Missouri Compromise was contrary to the Constitu- 
tion. This decree increased agitation. " Personal Liberty 
Bills," and other proceedings to neutralize the Fugitive Slave 
Law, were multiplied in the Northern States. 

3. The Kansas difficulty was inherited from the preceding 
administration. Indeed, some of the most sanguinary con- 
victs already referred to took place under Mr. Buchanan's 
government. The Topeka Constitution, which had been 
illegally framed and adopted, was rejected by Congress; the 
pro-slavery Constitution, framed at Lecompton (9 Nov., 1857), 




2. What decision by the supreme court increased the difficulties of the country? 
What were passed in the Northern State* 8 

3. What had taken place during Buchanan's administration ? 



262 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1859. 



was ultimately refused by the people of Kansas (3 Aug., 1858), 
but the State was finally admitted (Jan., 1861) under a Con- 
stitution excluding slavery made by a convention at Wyan- 
dot (27 July, 1859). The Kansas war was the prelude to a 
more extensive one. 

4. The authority of the central government had been 
slighted in Kansas ; it was openly resisted in Utah, and a 
military force was sent across the plains to reduce the Mor- 
mon inhabitants to submission. This strange sect had sprung 
up in the State of New York (1827), and had migrated to 
Missouri (1838), from Missouri to Illinois (1839), and from 
Illinois to Utah, which was named by them Deseret. Their 
faith was founded on certain u golden plates," engraved with 
supplementary Scriptures, and designated " the Book of 
Mormon." These plates were represented to have been buried 
by a remnant of the Lost Tribes of Israel, and were discov- 
ered and interpreted by Joe Smith, who thus became the 
founder, the leader, and the prophet of "The Latter Day 
Saints." This singular sect, commonly called Mormons, had 
been expelled from Missouri, and had been assailed at their 
settlement in Illinois, at Nauvoo on the Mississippi, by Gov- 
ernor Ford and the militia. Joe Smith and his brother Hiram 
were confined in the jail at Carthage, and were murdered 
there by a mob (27 June, 1844). Their followers crossed the 
desert in search of the peace which had hitherto been denied 
them, and, under Brigham (brig' gum) Young, the successor 
of the prophet, formed an independent community in the 
wilderness of the Rocky Mountains (1845-6). Here the 
Great Basin seemed to be closed in from the access of the 
profane world, and the new Canaan recalled the old by its 
salt inland sea and its river without further outlet. When 
the president extended the jurisdiction of the United States 

4. What had been slighted in Kansas ? For what purpose was a force sent across 
the plains? Where had this sect originated? What did they name their settle- 
ment? On what was their faith founded'/ Who became their leader? What be- 
came of him ? Who was his successor ? Where did the Mormons settle ? What 
did they resist ? How were they subsequently subdued ? 



I860.] 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



263 



over this remote territory, the officers were resisted and de- 
fied. To secure obedience, General Albert Sidney Johnston 
was sent across the plains with a force of twenty-five hundred 
men (1857). The chief dangers were the difficulties of the 
way and of subsistence. These were surmounted, after much 
delay and embarrassment. On the arrival of the army be- 
fore Salt Lake City, terms of submission were proposed and 
accepted (1858). 

5. The acrimony of feeling between the Northern and 
Southern States was aggravated by a bold and startling event 
at Harper's Ferry, on the edge of Virginia. The United 
States arsenal at this point was seized at night (16 Oct., 
1859) by John Brown and twenty-one followers, and an in- 
surrection of the slaves was invited. This was the same Cap- 
tain Brown who had signalized his desperate courage in the 
Kansas discords. The insurgents were seized by the United 
States marines, under the orders of Colonel R. E. Lee (18 
Oct.). Brown was desperately wounded ; twelve of his 
men, including one of his sons, were slain. The survivors 
were brought to trial, convicted, and hanged (3 Dec, 16 
Dec, 16 March, 1860). 

6. The election for president approached. Old political 
parties were broken by the long agitation. The Democrats 
split asunder in their convention at Charleston, South Caro- 
lina (3 May, 1860), and two Democratic candidates were 
proposed to the people : Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, and 
John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky. The Whigs were also 
disorganized. The Union Wing presented the name of John 
Bell of Tennessee for president, and Edward Everett of 
Massachusetts for vice-president. The Republican party, 
which had drawn accessions from both the Democrats and 
the Whigs, and had absorbed other smaller organizations, 



5. What was done at Harper's Ferry? By whom were the insurgents seized? 
What was the result ? 

6. What now approached ? In what condition were the political parties of the 
country ? What candidates were presented for office ? Who was elected president ? 



264 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1860. 



nominated at Chicago (18 May), Abraham Lincoln of Illi- 
nois, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, for the presidency and 
vice-presidency respectively. The whole country was con- 
vulsed by the canvass, for vital issues were involved. Mr. 
Lincoln was elected, receiving one hundred and eighty elec- 
toral votes out of three hundred and three. 

7. During Buchanan's administration, three States were 
added to the Union : Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859), and 
Kansas (1861), thus increasing the number of the States to 
thirty-four. The first year of his term had been marked by 
grievous financial disasters and the general suspension of 
specie payments ; but the country continued to advance with 
amazing rapidity in population, production, and wealth. 
The census of 1860 ascertained the number of the people to 
be 31,445,080 ; but the white inhabitants of the States that 
afterward seceded were little over five millions. Neither 
these numbers, nor the disproportion, were known at the 
South till the great civil war had been terminated. The 
amount of cotton raised in 1860 was 5,387,052 bales, or 
more than twice as much as in 1850. Wheat and other pro- 
ducts had greatly increased, but in a less degree. 

Prompt satisfaction for injuries committed was obtained 
from Paraguay (par'a-gway) by a small naval force under 
Captain Page (1858-9). A threatening controversy with the 
British authorities of Vancouver's Island, in regard to the 
strait separating it from the mainland, was peaceably settled 
by General Scott, who visited Oregon for the purpose (1859). 

8. When the election of Mr. Lincoln was assured, appre- 
hension filled the minds of reflecting men. Propositions of 
resistance, and preparations to render resistance effectual, 



7. What States were added to the Union during the last administration ? By 
what had the first year of Buchanan's term been characterized ? In what respects 
had the country advanced ? What had the census of 1860 ascertained? How much 
cotton was raised in I860 ? 

8. What propositions and preparations had been made in the Southern States ? 
What was attempted by Senator Crittenden ? Who resigned their seats in the cab- 
inet ? On what pretext ? 



1861.] 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



265 



had been made in several Southern States during the year. 
To these it appeared that the time of action would no longer 
be postponed : but a strong Union sentiment still lingered 
at the South. An attempt at conciliation was made by 
Senator Crittenden of Kentucky (18 Dec), but "the 
Crittenden Compromise" was rejected by Congress. The 
cabinet was already crumbling away. Mr. Cobb, the secretary 
of the treasury, resigned (10 Dec.) ; and General Cass soon 
followed him (15 Dec), because the president refused to re- 
enforce Fort Moultrie. The annual message had alleged 
that neither the president nor the Congress had the power 
to coerce a State. 

9. In this conjunction of affairs the convention of South 
Carolina passed the first ordinance of secession, and " sol- 
emnly declared that the union heretofore existing between 
this State and the other States of North America is dis- 
solved" (29 Dec). Commissioners were appointed to nego- 
tiate for the surrender of the forts and other Federal property 
within the State. They were denied official recognition. 
Six other cotton States followed the example of South Caro- 
lina : Mississippi (9 Jan.), Florida (10), Alabama (11), 
Georgia (19), Louisiana (26), and Texas (1 Feb.). Their 
representatives and senators withdrew from Congress; and 
the forts, arsenals, and other Federal property within their 
limits were seized. 

10. The night after Christmas, Major Anderson aban- 
doned Fort Moultrie, and occupied Fort Sumter, which was 
more capable of defence. The president declined to order 
the garrison back to Fort Moultrie, and General Floyd, 
the secretary of war, resigned (30 Dec). The cabinet was 
rapidly broken up ; and other men, with other counsels, 
were introduced. 



9. What ordinance did South Carolina pass ? For what were commissioners ap- 
pointed ? What States followed the example of South Carolina ? Who withdrew 
from Congress ? 

1 0. What was done at Forts Moultrie and Sumter ? 

12 



266 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



11. Fort Moultrie was seized by the South Carolina 
troops, and batteries were erected and other preparations 
made for the reduction of Fort Sumter. Not a gun was 
fired while patiently awaiting a reply to the demand for its 
surrender. The garrison was weak, and its supplies were 
insufficient. An effort was made to throw men, provisions, 
and munitions into the beleaguered fort. The Star of the 
West, a large merchant steamer, with two hundred and fifty 
soldiers on board, attempted to pass the batteries under 
the appearance of a peaceful mission (10 Jan.). The batteries 
opened on her, and she returned to New York. 

12. A last effort to avert the fratricidal war was made by 
the State of Virginia, which urged a meeting of delegates 
from all the States to devise measures of pacification. 
Twenty-one States were represented in the Peace Conference 
which assembled at Washington, and chose ex-President 
Tyler its chairman (4 Feb., 1861). Its recommendations 
were submitted to Congress, and were rejected in the Senate 
by a vote of thirty-four to three (3 March). On the same 
night the Crittenden Compromise was finally thrown out by 
a vote of twenty-nine to nineteen. 

13. The same day which commenced the session of the 
Peace Congress witnessed the assemblage at Montgomery 
(Ala.) of the Congress of the Confederate States, the name 
adopted by the union of the seceding States. The Constitution 
of the United States was adopted with a few significant alter- 
ations (8 Feb.). Colonel Jefferson Davis, late senator from 
Mississippi, was elected provisional president ; and Mr. A. H. 
Stephens, of Georgia, an earnest advocate of the old Union 
till the last moment, was chosen vice-president (9 Feb.). 
A cabinet was formed (21 Feb.), and Gustave T. Beauregard 

11. By whom was Fort Moultrie seized? For what were preparations made? 
What was done to assist the beleaguered fort? What was its success ? 

12. What was the last effort made to avert the impending war ? To whom were 
the recommendations of the Virginia convention submitted ? What was the result ? 
What compromise was rejected at the same time ? 

13. What assembly met at the same time as the Peace Congress ? What was 
adopted ? Who was appointed president ? 



1861.] 



BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION. 



267 



was named general of the provisional army. The organiza- 
tion of the Confederate government was soon complete. 

14. Mr. Buchanan's unhappy administration was approach- 
ing its end. The elec- 
tion of Mr. Lincoln 
was officially announc- 
ed. He left his home 
in Illinois, and proceed- 
ed slowly toward Wash- 
ington. He turned aside 
from his proposed route, 
in consequence of an 
alleged conspiracy to 
throw the train on 
which he was expected 
from the track, or other- 
wise murder him. He 
left Harrisburg at night 
in disguise, and arrived 
safely at the capital (23 
Feb.). Even here he 

was not deemed secure, but such ample military protection 
was provided by General Scott, in concurrence with the 
retiring president, that the inauguration took place without 
disturbance. The apprehensions which attended Mr. Lin- 
coln's entrance upon the government were realized by his 
assassination when the war was ended. 




JEFFERSON DAVIS. 



I 



268 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO I' ART V. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART Y. 
1821-1861. 

1821. Austin's settlement in Texas. 

1823. Commodore Porter suppresses the West India pirates. 

1824. Lafayette revisits the United States. 

1825. John Quincy Adams, sixth president. 

1826. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 4 July. 

1828. New Tariff Act. 12 May. 

1829. General Jackson, seventh president. 

1832. Black Hawk War. 

Nullification ordinance of South Carolina. 24 Nov. 

1833. Removal of the deposits from the United States Bank. 

1835. The Seminole War— closed 14 Aug., 1842. 

1836. Arkansas received into the Union. 

" Massacre of the Alamo (6 March), and Goliad (29 March). 

" Battle of San Jacinto — Mexicans routed by the Texans. 21 April, 

1837. Michigan admitted as a State. 

" Martin Van Buren, eighth president. 
" Specie payments suspended. 10 May. 

1841. General Harrison, ninth president. 

" Death of General Harrison. 4 April. 
" John Tyler, tenth president. 

" Failure of the Bank of the United States. 11 Oct. 

1842. Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island. 18 May. 

" Fremont explores the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. 
17 Aug. 

" Ashburton treaty. 20 Aug. 

1844. Explosion of the Peacemaker on board the Princeton. 28 Feb. 
" Joe Smith, the founder of the Mormons, murdered at Carthage, 

111. 27 June. 

1845. Resolution to annex Texas. 28 Feb. 
" Florida admitted into the Union. 

" James K. Polk, eleventh president. 

1846. War with Mexico. 23 April. 

" Battle of Palo Alto, 8 May ; of Resaca de la Palma, 9 May. 
" Treaty with Great Britain settling the boundary of Oregon. 
16 June. 

" Monterey, in California, taken 6 July. 

" Battle of Monterey, in Mexico. 21, 22, 23 Sept. 

" Iowa received as a State. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



269 



1847. Battle of Buena Vista. 22, 23 Feb. 

Sacramento. 28 Feb. 
" Vera Cruz surrendered to General Scott and Commodore Perry. 

29 March. 
" Battle of Cerro Gordo. 18 April. 
" " Contreras, and of Clierubusco. 20 Aug. 
" " Molino del Rey, 8 Sept. ; and of Chapultepec, 13 Sept. 

" General Scott enters the city of Mexico. 14 Sept. 

1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 2 Feb. 
" Gold discovered in California. Feb. 

" Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 

1849. General Zachary Taylor, twelfth president. 

1850. Clay's compromise measures. Nashville Convention. 3 June. 
l< Death of President Taylor. 9 July. 

" Millard Fillmore, thirteenth president. 
" The Fugitive Slave Law passed. 9 Sept. 
" California admitted into the Union. 

1851. Kossuth lands at New York. 6 Dec. 

1853. Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president. 
" Japan expedition. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. 26 May. 

1857. James Buchanan, fifteenth president. 
u Dred Scott decision. 6 March. 

" Expedition against the Mormons. June. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union. 

1859. Oregon received as a State. 

" John Brown's attack on Harper's Ferry. 16 Oct. 

1860. Secession of South Carolina. 20 Dec. 

" Major Anderson removes from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter. 
26 Dec. 

1861. Secession of Mississippi, 8 Jan. ; Florida, 10 Jan. ; Alabama, 

11 Jan. ; Georgia, 19 Jan. ; Louisiana, 26 Jan. 
" Kansas admitted as a State. 
" Southern Confederacy established. 4 Feb. 



270 



REVIEW QUESTION'S OJSf PART V. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART V. 

PAGE 

1. What was the effect of the Missouri Compromise on the political condition 

of the country ? 225 

2. What transactions marked Monroe's second administration ? 225-226 

3. Give an account of Lafayette's visit 226-227 

4. Who succeeded Monroe ? Under what circumstances ? What were his 

qualifications ? 22 -228 

5. What dissensions arose in Georgia ? 223 

6. What notable deaths occurred in Adams's second year ? 228 

7. What excited opposition in South Carolina and Georgia ? 228 

8. Who succeeded Adams ? How had Adams increased his unpopularity ? 229 

9. What was Jackson's character? and what had been his career? 229-230 

10. What was Jackson's policy in regard to the Indians ? 230 

11. Relate the Black Hawk War 230 

12. What difficulties arose about the Cherokees ? 230-231 

13. State the course of the Nullification struggle 231 

14. Recount Jackson's proceedings against the National Bank 232 

15. Who was vice-president in Jackson's second term ? 232 

16. How was the controversy with France settled ? 232 

17. Narrate the events of the Seminole War 233 

18. How were the difficulties with the Creeks ended? 234 

19. What were the character and results of Jackson's rule ? 234 

20. Who was Jackson's successor? What was his character? 235 

21. What distress marked the commencement of Van Buren's government ? 236 

22. What disturbances took place on the Canadian frontier ?. 236-237 

23. Who succeeded Van Buren ? 237 

24. What means were employed to increase Harrison's popularity ? 237 

25. How was the Whig victory frustrated ? 23S 

26. Who succeeded Harrison ? What was his character ? 238 

27. How did Tyler alienate the Whigs? How did he carry on the govern- 

ment? 238-239 

2S. How were the disputes with Great Britain settled ? 239 

29. What discovery was made by Captain Fremont ? What other exploring ex- 

pedition at this time ? 239 

30. Relate the Dorr rebellion 239-240 

31. Give an account of the Texas proceedings — and its history 240 

32. Who was the next president ? 241 

33. What terrible accident occurred in Mr. Tyler's term ? 241 

34. What was the character of President Polk? and what occasioned his nomi- 

nation? 242 

35. How was the war with Mexico brought about? and what was General 

Scott's plan for the war ? 242-243 

36. What were General Taylor's operations on the Rio Grande ? 243-244 

37. How was the Oregon question settled ? 244-245 

38. How was California taken ? 245 

39. What conquest was made by Taylor in 1847 ? By what battle ? 245 

40. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, and of the previous move- 

ments 246-247 

41. State the operations of General Kearney, and of the Army of the West 247 

42. What were Gilpin's, Doniphan's, and Price's exploits ? 248 



HIST OB Y OF THE EXITED STATES. 



271 



43. Why was General Scott sent to Mexico ? What were his first achieve- 

ments? 248-249 

44. Describe the battle of Cerro Gordo, and its results 240 

45. What delay occurred at Puebla ? 249 

46. Where did Scott's army come in sight of Mexico ? 251 

47. Describe the movements and battles by which Mexico was won 251-252 

48. When, and on what terms was peace made ? 252 

49. What was discovered in California? What consequences ensued? 252 

50. What charity was bestowed by the American people ? 252-253 

51. What were the fruits of Polk's administration ? 253 

52. Who were candidates to succeed him ? Who was elected ? 253-254 

53. What was Taylor's character ? 254 

54. How were political discords revived ? 254-255 

55. What measures of compromise were proposed by Mr. Clay? 255 

56. How did Fillmore become president? What was his character? and the 

character of his government ? 255 

57. What was the Nashville convention ? What was its object ? 255-256 

o>. What revolutionary manifestations were made ? 256 

59. What benevolent enterprises were undertaken ? 256 

60. What was the condition of the country under Taylor and Fillmore ? 257 

61. Who were the next candidates for the presidency ? Who was elected ? 257 

62. What domestic and foreign difficulties filled Pierce's administration ? 257 

63. What treaties were made under Pierce ? 257-253 

64. What were the character and effects of the Kansas-Xebraska act ? 258 

65. Describe the Kansas troubles 258-259 

66. What was the character of the next election for president ? Who were the 

candidates? Who was elected ? 259-260 

67. What other events distinguished Pierce's administration ? 260 

68. What had been Buchanan's career ? What was his purpose ? 260-261 

69. What effect was produced by the Dred Scott decision ? 261 

70. How did affairs in Kansas proceed ? 261-262 

71. Describe the Mormons and the Mormon War 262 

72. Describe the raid on Harper's Ferry 263 

73. What was the character of the next election for president ? 263 

74. What was the condition of the country under Buchanan? 264 

75. What events followed the election of Mr. Lincoln ? 264-265 

76. What States seceded ? and in what order ? 265 

77. How was Mr. Buchanan's cabinet broken up ? 265 

78. How was the situation changed in South Carolina ? 266 

79. What further proceedings took place at Fort Sumter ? 266 

80. What means of conciliation was proposed by Virginia ? 266 

8!. When, where, and how was the Confederate Government organized ? ... 256-267 
82. Under what circumstances did Mr. Lincoln reach Washington, and receive 

the government? 267 



272 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



PART VI. 

HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR AND THE YEARS 

ENSUING. 



CHAPTER I. 

Administration of Abraham Lincoln. — First Year of 
the War of Secession, 1861. 

Summary* — 1. Character of Abraham Lincoln. 2. Inauguration of Civil War. — 
Attack upon Fort Sumter. 3. Ordinance of Secession passed by Virginia.— 
Seizure of Harper's Ferry and Norfolk navy-yard. 4. Secession of Arkansas, 
North Carolina, and Tennessee. 5. Troops sent to protect Washington. 6. Seat 
of the Confederate Government removed to Richmond. 7. Progress of the civil 
strife. 8. Operations in Virginia. 9. The great struggle of the year. 10. 
Troops and funds voted by the Federal Government. 11. Operations in Mis- 
souri and Kentucky. 12. New Convention in Missouri. 13. Troubles in 
Kentucky. 14. Operations on the seaboard. 15. Fort Pickens assailed. 16. 
Efforts to form a Confederate Navy. 17. Recognition and aid expected from 
England and France. 18. Close of the first campaign. 19. Suspension of 
specie payments. — Confiscation Act passed. 

1. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, and passed 
bis youth in poverty and labor, with little opportunity for 
education. Pie forced his way into prominence by energy, 
pertinacity, native sense, and homely humor. His administra- 
tion was occupied with the transactions of the civil war which 
followed the secession of the Southern States. 

This period can be treated only in a summary way. De- 
tails and facts are in dispute ; accurate knowledge is unat- 
tainable ; and the judgment is warped by recent and surviv- 
ing passions. To 'other times belongs the sacred duty of 
composing a just record of the melancholy struggle. A calm 



1. Where was Abraham Linooln born? Describe his character. What is said 
of this period of the history ? 



1861.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



2115 



narrative of the principal events is all that will be attempted 
here. 

2. The anxious expectation which succeeded the inaugura- 
tion of Mr. Lincoln was suddenly terminated. The Federal 
authorities announced their 
purpose of sending pro- 
visions to Fort Sumter, 
"peaceably, if they can; 
forcibly, if they must." 
The Confederate batteries 
opened their lire. After a 
terrific bombardment, gal- 
lantly sustained, Major An- 
derson surrendered the fort, 
which was in flames (13 
April). President Lincoln 
called for seventy-five 
thousand volunteers from 
the several States. The 
North and the South were both roused by the firing of the 
guns, and multitudes enrolled themselves under the opposing 
banners. 

3. Virginia refused her quota of troops, passed an Ordi- 
nance of Secession (17 April), and promptly took measures to 
seize the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry and navy- 
yard at Norfolk. Both places were evacuated, and partially 
destroyed, before the arrival of the Virginia troops. Several 
vessels of war were burnt or sunk by the Federal authorities 
at the Norfolk navy-yard. One of them, the Merrimac, was 
subsequently raised by the Confederates, and converted into 
the first ram used in naval warfare in modern times. A large 
amount of cannon, small arms, and valuable machinery was 
obtained by these captures. 

2. What purpose was announced by the Federal authorities ? What was the re- 
sult ? For what did President Lincoln call ? 

3. What did Virginia refuse ? What action did the Confederate Government take? 
Give an account the Merrimac. 

12* 




274 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



4. The example of Virginia was followed by Arkansas 
(7 May), North Carolina (20 May), and Tennessee (8 June). 
Kentucky endeavored to remain neutral. Maryland and 
Missouri were held by Federal arms, but the regular author- 
ities of the latter State favored the Confederacy. 

5. Apprehensions were entertained for the safety of Wash- 
ington. A Massachusetts regiment hastening to its defence 
was assailed in Baltimore by the crowd gathered in the 
streets (19 April). Some lives were lost on both sides. 
General B. F. Butler occupied Annapolis, and afterward 
Baltimore, with his troops, and commenced the military 
restraint of Maryland. 

6. As the position of Virginia exposed her to the first 
attack, and indicated her soil as the chief battle-ground, the 
seat of the Confederate Government was transferred to Rich- 
mond. When the Ordinance of Secession was submitted to 
the vote of the Virginia people, a large force issued from 
Washington, occupied Arlington Heights on the opposite 
shore of the Potomac, and took possession of Alexandria 
(24 May). President Lincoln had already summoned eighty- 
three thousand additional men to the Federal standard, and 
declared all the Southern ports under blockade. 

7. In the opening of the war no distinct plan of operations 
was apparent. Each side sought increase of strength through 
the acquisition of doubtful States. The whole Confederate 
frontier by land and sea was menaced, and a show of resist- 
ance was made wherever attack might be expected. The 
chief military transactions of the year may be considered 
according to their occurrence, in Virginia, in Missouri and 
Kentucky, and along the seaboard. 



4. What States followed the example of Virginia ? Which State endeavored to 
remain neutral ? What is said of Maryland and Missouri t 

5. What apprehensions were entertained ? What was done for the defence of the 
National Capital ? 

6. Why was the seat of the Confederate Government transferred V Who occupied 
Arlington Heights ? How many troops had been summoned ? 

7. What is said of the opening of the war? How may the chief transactions of 
this year be considered ? 



1861.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



275 



8. Operations in Virginia. — The first engagement of any 
note took place near Fortress Monroe, where General Magru- 
der confronted General Butler. The Federal columns were 
repulsed near Big Bethel church (10 June). The confidence 
of the Southern people, which was excited by this success, 
was abated by uninterrupted disasters in Northwestern Vir- 
ginia. Grafton was seized by the advance of McClellan's 
army from Ohio (29 May) ; a Confederate camp was surprised 
and broken up at Philippi (3 June) ; the Confederates were 
defeated by McClellan at Rich Mountain (11 July), and 
compelled to surrender. General Garnett, the Confederate 
commander in that region, was routed at Carrick's Ford 
(14 July), as he retreated from Laurel Hill. He was slain 
and his men were scattered over the mountains. General 
Wise of Virginia occupied the Kanawha Valley with his 
brigade. He gained an advantage at Scary Creek (17 July), 
but withdrew to Lewisburg, as his rear was endangered after 
the capture or dispersion of Garnett's forces. Western 
Virginia was thus acquired for the Union. A provisional 
government was instituted (13 June). Confederate entrance 
into that region was closed by the fortification of the 
Gaps of Cheat Mountain. During the summer unsuccessful 
efforts were made by General Robert E. Lee to recapture 
the position. General Floyd and General Wise advanced 
to the Gauley River, near its junction with the Kana- 
wha, but did not act in concert. Floyd inflicted a defeat 
on Colonel Tyler ; but, after a sharp action with Gen- 
eral Rosecrans (10 Sept.), abandoned his breastworks at 
Carnifax Ferry, and retired behind Sewel Mountain, while 
Wise maintained a strong position on its heights. General 
Lee joined them with reinforcements and assumed com- 
mand ; but the season was too far advanced for important 
movements in that rigorous climate. After Lee left his 



8. Narrate the operations in Virginia. What new State waR acquired for the 
Union? How was the Confederate entrance into that region closed? What at- 
tempts were ma le to recapture the position ? 



276 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



camp before Cheat Mountain, General PI. R. Jackson repulsed 
a Federal attack at Greenbrier River (3 Oct.). 

9. The great struggle of the year took place in the eastern 
part of Virginia, on the line between Washington and 
Richmond. General Scott, the commander-in-chief of the 
Northern army, ordered General McDowell, with thirty-five 
thousand men, to proceed against the Confederates under 
Beauregard, who lay around the junction of the Manassas 
Gap and Orange and Alexandria Railroads. General Patter- 
son, with eighteen thousand troops, had been sent to Harper's 
Ferry to hold the thirteen thousand troops in the valley of 
Virginia under General Joseph E. Johnston. Johnston 
eluded his opponent, and joined Beauregard with part of his 
troops the day before the battle. A part came up toward 
its close. General McDowell ordered General Tyler to move 
against the right wing of the Confederates. He was driven 
back at Bull Run (18 July). Three days later (21 July), 
the main attack was made in the morning on the Confederate 
left. A furious battle raged for hours. The menaced wing 
was continually outflanked or broken. Here General Jack- 
son acquired the designation of "Stonewall," from the 
steadiness of his men under the storm of shot and shell. 
The Confederate rear was exposed and defeat seemed assured. 
At this crisis Early struck the assailants in flank, and was f 
supported by the opportune arrival of Kirby Smith from the 
valley, with a detachment of Johnston's army. The Federal 
troops were rolled back, and the repulse became a tumultuous 
rout. It was believed that the capital might have been taken 
by the Confederates if they had pushed forward in the first 
flush of victory. Less than fifteen thousand of the Confed- 
erates had been engaged in the battle : three hundred and 
sixty-nine were killed, and fourteen hundred and eighty-three 
were wounded. The Federal loss was reported at four hun- 



9. In what State did the great struggle of the year take place ? Give an account 
of it. How did General Jackson acquire the designation of " Stonewall V What 
events occurred at this period ? State the losses of the two contending parties 



1 S 6 1 .] AD MINIS TEA TI0N OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



27? 



dred and eighty-one killed, and eleven hundred and one 
wounded, and fourteen hundred and sixty prisoners. Among 
the spoils were ten colors, twenty-eight pieces of artillery, 
five thousand muskets, and five hundred thousand cartridges. 

10. The victory of Manassas cheered the South and 
alarmed the North ; but it stimulated the energies and 
hardened the resolution of the latter. Half a million of new 
troops and five hundred millions of dollars were voted by 
the Federal Congress for the prosecution of the war. 
McClellan succeeded Scott in the command of the army, 
and employed the fall and the winter in organizing, equip- 
ping, and training his troops. The Confederates were attacked 
by Colonel Baker, near Leesburg (21 Oct.). Baker was slain, 
and the Union force was driven headlong into the river near 
Ball's Bluff. A slight but brilliant success was obtained at 
Dranesville by a Federal brigade under General Ord 
(20 Dec). 

11. Operations in Missouri and Keyitucky. — In Missouri 
the Convention declined to pass an Ordinance of Secession, 
but the governor and many of the leading authorities were 
disposed to unite the fortunes of the State with those of the 
Confederacy. Their wishes were frustrated by the rapid 
energy of Captain Lyon, a Federal officer at St. Louis. He 
seized the arsenal, and the arms which it contained ; sur- 
rounded the militia at Camp Jackson, near that city (10 May), 
and forced them to surrender. Governor Jackson called for 
fifty thousand militia, appointed Sterling Price major-general, 
and withdrew to Booneville, on the south bank of the Missouri. 
Here Colonel Marmaduke was defeated by General Lyon 
and General Frank P. Blair (20 June). Governor Jackson 
retreated to the southwest, and was met at Carthage by 



10. What effect had the victory of Manassas ? What was voted by the Federal 
Government ? Who succeeded General Scott ? How was the winter occupied ? 
What skirmishes took place ? 

1 1. What did the Convention in Missouri decline to do ? What were some of the 
leading authorities disposed to do ? How were they frustrated ? Give an account 
of the transactions in Missouri. 



278 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



Union troops under Colonel Sigel. These were repulsed 
(15 July), and he was reinforced next day with two thousand 
men under General Price, and the Confederate general, Ben. 
McCulloch. They marched against Springfield, where the 
Federal forces were collected. On their approach they were 
attacked at Oak Hill, or Wilson's Creek, by General Lyon 
(10 Aug.). The stubborn conflict lasted for six hours. Lyon 
was killed, and the Federal aymy was forced to retire. 
The victory was almost without fruit. McCulloch withdrew 
to Arkansas. Price moved to the Missouri River, and, appear- 
ing before Lexington, forced Colonel Mulligan, with three 
thousand men, to surrender (20 Sept.). But he could not 
maintain himself here, and he fell back to the South, followed 
by General Fremont. Fremont was superseded by General 
Hunter, who fell back to St. Louis. When General Halleck 
succeeded to the command, Price and his Missouri volunteers 
were driven back to the Arkansas frontier. 

12. A new Convention attached Missouri to the Federal 
cause, declared the executive offices of the State vacant, 
and filled them by new appointments (31 July). The rem- 
nant of the old Legislature, which had followed Governor 
Jackson, met at Neosho, and provided for the reception of 
Missouri into the Confederacy. 

13. The neutrality of Kentucky- was respected by neither 
of the contending parties ; both invaded the State. J. C. 
Breckinridge, late vice-president ; W. C. Preston, late 
ambassador to Spain ; and other prominent citizens, escaped 
hastily over the mountains to avoid military arrest. General 
Polk, the martial bishop of Louisiana, led a Confederate force 
into Western Kentucky, and occupied Columbus on the Mis- 
sissippi, and sent a detachment across the stream to hold 
Belmont. Thus the navigation of the Mississippi was closed. 



12. What was ckme by a new Convention ? What by the remnant of the former 

Legislature ? 

13. What is said of the neutrality of Kentucky ? Who escaped from the State, 
and how ? How was the navigation of the Mississippi closed? What did General 
U. S. Grant do? 



1861.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



279. 



General II. S. Grant descended from Cairo, Illinois, attacked 
the Confederates at Belmont (7 Nov.), and drove them 
before him; but reinforcements came from the other side of 
the river, the Federals were under the fire of the guns of 
Columbus, and Grant withdrew. In middle Kentucky, near 
Cumberland Gap, and on the Sandy River on the east, 
hostile bodies were arrayed against each other. 

14. Operations on the Seaboard, — The seamen, the war- 
vessels, and the large mercantile marine of the United States 
gave the North clearly recognized advantages, and enabled 
it to pursue the obvious policy of controlling the inland 
waters of the Potomac, the Ohio, and the Missouri; of 
dividing the Confederacy along the mighty course of the 
Mississippi, and shutting up the ports on the Atlantic and 
Mexican Gulf, thus preventing access to foreign markets. 
The blockade, which had been declared in April, was rendered 
more effectual by repairing old war- vessels, building new 
ships, and arming merchant transports. These were em- 
ployed to patrol the sea-line, and to seize advantageous 
points on the coast. The forts on Hatteras Inlet, command- 
ing the entrance into Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, were 
taken by Commodore Stringham and General Butler (29 
Aug.). General Sherman and Commodore Dupont captured 
the forts at Port Royal Harbor (7 Nov.), and secured a con- 
venient haven in South Carolina, between the Chesapeake 
and the Gulf. 

15. When the forts and arsenals were seized by the seced- 
ing States, Fort Pickens at Pensacola had been preserved to 
the Union by the decision of Lieutenant Slemmer. The gar- 
rison had been subsequently strengthened (16 April). The 
fort was long beleaguered by the Confederates without effect. 
An unsuccessful attack was made on a New York regiment 
outside of the walls (9 Oct.) ; and a violent cannonade was 

14. Narrate the operations on the seaboard. How was the blockade rendered 
more effectual? 

1 5. How had Fort Pickens been preserved to the Union ? State how it was sub- 
sequently assailed. 



280 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1861. 



exchanged between the fort and fleet and the besiegers (22 
Nov. and 1 Jan., 1862) ; but the Federal position was never 
imperilled throughout the war. 

16. Though a navy was sorely needed by the Confederate 
Government, nearly all efforts to create one terminated un- 
fortunately. The vessels were often captured or destroyed 
on the stocks. Privateers were encouraged, but in vain. 
The Savannah was taken the day after it sailed from Charles- 
ton, and its officers and crew were imprisoned and treated for 
a time as pirates. Swift steamers, painted so as to escape 
notice on the waters, traded between the southern ports and 
Nassau and the Bermudas, exchanging cotton, tobacco, and 
other products for the most needful foreign commodities. 
Confederate cruisers, the Sumter and the Nashville, inflicted 
great damage on Northern commerce, and burnt their prizes 
at sea, as there was no harbor to which they could be carried 
for sale. After a brief career, the Sumter was blockaded at 
Cadiz, and was sold (Feb., 1862). The Nashville was 
destroyed by Federal ironclads near the mouth of the 
Savannah River (March, 1863). 

17. The seceding States had confidently expected that 
the demand for their cotton would insure the countenance 
and support of England and France. They were sorely dis- 
appointed, though great offence was given to their adver- 
saries by the early recognition of the Confederacy as a 
belligerent. Confederate commissioners were charged to 
negotiate with foreign powers, but were not officially re- 
ceived. Mr. Mason was accredited to England ;• Mr. Slidell 
to France. The British steam-packet Trent, on which they 
took passage at Havana, was boarded by Captain Wilkes 
of the steam-frigate San Jacinto. The ambassadors were 
forcibly taken off (8 Nov.), and were imprisoned in Fort 
Warren, near Boston. England immediately resented the 

16. What is said of a Confederate navy? What efforts were made toward its 
formation, and with what success? 

17. What had the seceding States expected? What countries recognized the 
Confederacy as a belligerent ? Give an account of subsequent proceedings. 



1861.] AD MINIS TEA TION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 281 



indignity, and demanded their release. The demand was 
sustained by France, and war with both nations was immi- 
nent. Mr. Seward, the Federal secretary of State, disavowed 
the act of Commodore Wilkes, and ordered the prisoners to 
be restored to a British deck. 

18. The first campaign closed without decisive advantage 
to either of the combatants. Hostilities had assumed pro- 
portions unimagined in the spring. The Confederates could 
boast of a great victory at Manassas, but it was a barren 
triumph. Maryland, Western Virginia, and Missouri had 
been won for the Union ; and though Kentucky was still in 
dispute, it was held by the Federals with a strong military 
grasp. The Southern sea-line was guarded by the Federal 
fleets, and important points along its coast were retained or 
gained. 

19. The suspension of specie payments and the issue of 
government paper was a necessity in both republics. The 
Confederate currency soon gave signs of depreciation ; the 
credit of the Federal issues was much more effectually main- 
tained. The Northern Congress passed an act for the 
confiscation of the property of its enemies. The Southern 
prohibited the payment of all debts due at the North, and 
enacted the sequestration of everything in the South belong- 
ing to residents in the United States. An early conclusion 
of the war was expected on both sides ; and the design 
or right of abrogating slavery was explicitly denied in the 
diplomatic correspondence of the Federal Government. The 
continuance of the strife provoked a change of policy. 



1 8. How did (he first campaign close ? In what condition was the country at this 
time ? 

19. What became a necessity in both republics? What was the result? What. 
Act did Congress pass ? What did the South prohibit ? What was expected by both 
parties ? 



282 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[186&. 



CHAPTER II. 

President Lincoln's Administration continued. — 
Second Year of the War of Secession, 1862. 

Summary*— 1. Events of the year 1862. 2. Inauguration of Jefferson Davis. 
3. Operations in Virginia.— Federal fleet attacked. 4. Movements of McClel- 
lan's army. 5. Eattle of Seven Pines. 6. Skirmishes in Virginia. — Washington 
threatened. 7. Operations in the vicinity of Richmond. 8. Battle at Cedar 
Mountain. 9. Crossing of the Potomac by Lee. — Encounter at South Moun- 
tain. — Battle of Antietam. 10. Advance from Fredericksburg. 11. Opera- 
tions in the West. 12. Attack on Price by Generals Grant and Rosecrans. 13. 
The navigation of the Mississippi obstructed at Vicksburg. 14. Efforts of the 
Confederates to acquire Kentucky. 15. Operations on the seaboard. 16. 
Emancipation proclamation by President Lincoln. 17. Means adopted to sus 
tain the Federal finances. — Condition of the Confederate credit. — Recovery of 
the Atlantic coast and Mississippi river by the Government. 

1. The year opened disastrously for the South. On New- 
Year's day, General " Stonewall" Jackson, who commanded 
in the Valley of Virginia, marched to Bath and thence to 
Romney, displaying marvellous energy, but exposing his 
men to much suffering from the severity of the weather. 
General Crittenden and General Zollicoffer were routed at 
Mill Springs, Kentucky (19 Jan.), and the latter was 
slain. Generals McCulloch and Price were defeated at Elk- 
horn (or Pea Ridge), on the northern edge of Arkansas (8 
March). McCulloch was killed and Price wounded. Fort 
Henry, on the Tennessee (6 Feb.), and Fort Donelson, 
on the Cumberland (16 Feb.), were taken. Fort Henry was 
an easy capture, being surrendered to Commodore Foote, 
who had assailed it with his gunboats. Fort Donelson was 
surrendered to General Grant with the garrison and most of 
the army sent for its protection, after a bloody battle between 



1 . How did the year 18H2 open ? What occurred on New-Year's day ? Who were 
routed at Mill Spring-?? Who were defeated at Elkhorn ? What forts were taken 
by General Grant ? What other forts were taken ? What was General Johnston 
obliged to do? What other victories were obtained by the Federal Government? 
What was the only compensation to the Confederate army for these disasters ? 



1862.1 ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 283 

very unequal forces, continued for three days, in the midst 
of snow, and ice, and freezing water. General Albert Sidney 
Johnston was now forced to abandon Bowling Green, where 
his scanty army had presented a bold front to General Buell. 
Nashville was occupied by the Federals (25 Feb.). Colum- 
bus, on the Mississippi, was abandoned by General Beaure- 
gard, and Island No. 10, to which the Confederates fell back, 
was captured by the Federal gunboats and the forces of 
General Pope (8 April). On the Atlantic coast, Roanoke 
Island was taken by General Burnside, supported by a fleet 
(8 Feb.). Norfolk was thus menaced in the rear; the North 
Carolina shore was exposed, so that Newbern (14 March), 
and Fort Macon (25 April), were soon gained by the Feder- 
als. The Confederate victory at Valverde (val-vair'da) in 
New Mexico (21 March) was the only compensation for these 
disasters. 

2. The Confederate frontier was thus pushed back to Ar- 
kansas and Mississippi, and nearly the whole coast of North 
Carolina was lost. In the midst of the gloom thus occasioned 
in the Confederacy, on a rainy, ominous day, President Davis 
was inaugurated under the permanent Constitution (22 Feb.). 
Strong measures were required and adopted. A Conscrip- 
tion Act was passed (16 April), and the armies were rapidly 
restored. Determination was renewed; hope revived; and 
confidence returned with the return of success. 

The chief incidents of the campaign will be treated under 
the heads of Operations in Virginia, Operations in the West, 
and Operations along the Coast. 

3. Operations in Virginia, — General McClellan had two 
hundred thousand Union troops around Washington, and 
was watched by General Joe Johnston with less than one 
third of his numbers. During this anxious time an event 
took place at Norfolk which marks an era in naval warfare. 

2. To what States was the frontier pushed back ? What event took place at this 
time ? What was passed ? 

3. Where was General McClellan with his troops ? What event took place at 
Norfolk ? at Hampton Roads ? What occurred after this engagement ? 



I 

284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1862. 

The frigate Merrimac had been raised, covered with bars of 
railroad iron, armed with an iron beak, and named the Vir- 
ginia. She fell upon the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads 
(8 March). A single blow of her ram sank the Cumberland. 
The Congress surrendered, and was burnt. The shot and 
shell of war vessels and land batteries rained harmlessly 
upon the Virginia. Next day she encountered another mon- 
ster of the deep — the iron-plated, turreted steamer Monitor, 
invented by Ericsson. After an indecisive engagement she 
withdrew to Norfolk, having lost her prow. Her exploits 
excited alarm in the northern ports ; but she was unfit for the 
sea, and was destroyed by her commander on the evacuation 
of Norfolk (11 May). Her antagonist, the Monitor, sank in 
a gale at the end of the year (31 Dec). 

4. After a demonstration toward Manassas, McClellan 
moved the bulk of his army to the Peninsula, between the 
York and James Rivers (17 March), where he was long held 
in check by a small force under General Magruder. General 
Joe Johnston transferred his command to the new scene of 
conflict ; Yorktown was evacuated by the Confederates (4 
May), and Norfolk abandoned (10 May). The Federal 
advance was checked at Williamsburg by the Confederate 
rear (5 May), but with heavy loss. The retreat was slowly 
continued to the lines at Richmond, which was threatened 
not only by the main army under McClellan, but by Mc- 
Dowell at Fredericksburg, and by a naval attack up James 
River. The movement by water was arrested by piles in the 
channel, and by the guns of Fort Darling. 

5. General McClellan met with little resistance till he 
approached Richmond, and had thrown part of his army 
across the Chickahominy. Then Johnston assailed him 
vigorously at Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, and drove him 



4. To what locality did McClellan move? Who transferred his command "to this? 
new scene of conflict ? What city was evacuated, and by whom ? What one aban- 
doned ? What occurred at Williamsburg ? By what was' Richmond threatened ? 

5. With what did General McClellan meet? Who assailed him at Seven Pines? 
How did this battle result ? Who succeeded Johnston ? 



1SG2.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



285 



back with great slaughter (31 May). The battle continued 
for two days, but on the second Johnston was dangerously 
wounded. He was suc- 
ceeded by General R. 
E. Lee, who retained 
the command of the 
Army of Northern 
Virginia till the end 
of the war, with ever 
increasing reputation. 

6. Reinforcements 
were obtained for Lee 
by a brilliant series of 
military movements. 
General Banks was in 
the Valley of Virginia, 
co-operating with Mc- 
Dowell at Fredericks- 
burg, in covering 
Washington and menacing Richmond. General Fremont 
was ordered in the same direction from West Virginia. 
General Jackson, the Confederate commander in this quarter, 
was repulsed at Kernstown (23 March), and retired up the 
Valley. Banks announced that all opposition had been 
swept away. But Jackson masked his rapid movements, 
checked Fremont's advance at McDowell (8 May), turned 
sharply against Banks, crushed his left wing at Front Royal 
(23 May), compelled his precipitate retreat, drove him out 
of Winchester (25 May), and hurried him over the Potomac, 
with the loss of all his stores, many cannon, and four thou- 
sand prisoners. Jackson was now endangered by the con- 
verging columns of Fremont and of Shields, who had been 
detached against him by McDowell. Passing between them 



6. How were reinforcements obtained for Lee ? Give an account of the move- 
ments in Virginia, What was done by the Federal Government ? To whose aid did 
Jackson lead his troops ? 




286 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1862. 



before they could unite, his rear under General Ewell re- 
pulsed Fremont at Cross Keys (8 June), and next morning 
he crossed the Shenandoah at Port Republic, routed Shields, 
and pursued him upward of ten miles, taking eight of his 
guns. The Federal Government, alarmed for Washington, 
had stopped McDowell's march to join McClellan. After 
resting his weary troops, Jackson led them to the aid of 
Lee, and came down unexpectedly on the Union army at 
Richmond. 

7. McClellan's lines, still divided by the Chickahominy, 
had been reconnoitred by General* J. E. B. Stuart, who led 
his cavalry entirely around them (8 June). The Federal 
commander was preparing to renew his attack when his right 
wing was assailed. His advanced posts were driven in (26 
June). Next day Jackson crushed his lines at Cold Har- 
bor, and A. P. Hill forced his position at Gaines's Mill. 
The right flank was swept from the north of the stream, and 
pressed back to the southern bank. McClellan withdrew 
toward the James River, receiving a severe blow at Savage's 
Station (29 June), and fighting a bloodier but ineffectual 
battle at Frayser's Farm (30 June). The repeated assaults 
made upon his forces on the strongly fortified heights of 
Malvern Hill were repulsed with great loss (1 July). During 
the night, the shattered Union army was placed under cover 
of the gunboats. President Lincoln directed an additional 
levy of three hundred thousand men (1 July), and a few 
weeks after issued a further call for three hundred thousand 
more (9 Aug.). The Confederate armies could hope for no 
corresponding increase. After McClellan's failure, General 
Halleck was made commander-in-chief. 

8. The armies broken by Jackson in the valley were 
united with McDowell's troops, and placed under General 



7. What divided the array of McClellan ? What was assailed ? State the manner 
of attack by the Confederates. What protected the shattered army ? What did 
President Lincoln direct to be made ? Who was made commander-in-chief? 

8. What union of troops was now effected? To what point did they move? 
Where was a defeat experienced ? Give an account of the succeeding operations. 



1862.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 287 

Pope. He moved by the direct line " on to Richmond," 
but his van under Banks was defeated by Jackson at 
Cedar Mountain (9 Aug.). Pope drew back, and Lee, bring- 
ing the main army from Richmond, sent Jackson, supported 
by Longstreet, to cut his line of retreat. Marching rapidly 
by obscure roads under the mountains, Jackson got in his 
rear, he was joined by Longstreet, who had forced the 
hazardous pass at Thoroughfare Gap. A second rout was 
inflicted on the Federals nearly on the same ground on 
which the first victory of Manassas had been won (30 
Aug.). Pope, who had been reinforced from McClellan's 
army, continued his retreat. He was attacked again by 
Jackson at Chantilly (or Ox Hill), and forced back in disor- 
der and with serious loss (1 Sept.). He retired within the 
lines at Washington, and McClellan was restored to the 
command (7 Sept.). 

9. Lee crossed the Potomac and threatened the Union 
States, hoping for co-operation in Maryland, and seeking 
clothing and supplies for his ragged army. From Frederick 
City Jackson was detached against Harper's Ferry, which sur- 
rendered in three days, with upward of twelve thousand men, 
seventy- five cannon, and other stores (14 Sept.). Meanwhile, 
McClellan advanced against Lee, and encountered him near 
Boonsborough, at the South Mountain, directing one hundred 
thousand men against scarcely thirty thousand Confederates. 
The passes of the mountain were carried by the Federals 
after a severe struggle (14 Sept.), and Lee retreated to 
Sharpsburg. Here a general action took place along the 
Antietam (an-te'tam) Creek (17 Sept.). Jackson had come 
up the previous day, and with four thousand men sustained 
the attack of Hooker with more than eighteen thousand, but 
he was forced back. Other troops arriving on both sides 
the combat was continued, and the Confederates held their 



1). What did Lee now do ? Who was detached from Frederick City, and for what 
purpose ? What was done by McClellan in the mean time ? Where did a general 
action take place ? What were the losses ? When and how did Lee retreat ? 



288 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1862. 



ground. The Federal left was driven in the afternoon from 
the position which it had gained. The loss of McClellan was 
about twelve thousand five hundred, that of Lee more than 
half as many, but it fell upon a much weaker force. Next 
day both generals expected an attack, and, as it was not 
made, Lee skillfully crossed the Potomac during the night, 
and was followed two days later by McClellan. Lee slowly 
continued his retreat without being disturbed. 

10. McClellan was superseded by General Burnside, who 
unwillingly accepted the dangerous responsibility of attempt- 
ing to retrieve so many failures (7 Nov. ). An advance from 
Fredericksburg was determined on. The passage of the Rap- 
pahannock was made under a heavy cannonade (12 Dec). 
Next morning the Federal divisions pressed forward from 
the river, and made repeated assaults on the slightly fortified 
lines along Marye's (mar-e's) Heights (13 Dec). On every 
attempt their columns were hurled back mangled and in 
confusion, and fearful was the carnage in this open plain. 
Burnside recrossed the river, and his command was transfer- 
red to General Hooker, who had severely censured the con- 
duct of McClellan. Burn side's army had numbered one hun- 
dred and thirty thousand ; Lee's less than sixty thousand, of 
whom only a third had been actually engaged. 

11. Operations in the West. — After the fall of Fort Don- 
elson, and the occupation of Nashville, the Union army 
advanced under General Grant toward Mississippi. General 
Buell moved from Kentucky to form a junction with it. Gen- 
eral Sidney Johnston, strengthened by Beauregard, was at 
Corinth, Mississippi, whence he marched northwestwardly, 
and vigorously attacked General Grant at Shiloh Church 
(Pittsburg Landing). Grant was driven to the cover of his 
gunboats ; but Johnston was killed in this critical moment, and 



10. Who superseded McClellan? How was the Rappahannock crossed? What 
was done the next morning ? To whom was Burnsicle's command transferred ? 

11. To what point did the army under General Grant advance? Who was at 
Corinth ? Where was an attack made ? Give a description of the conflict. What, 
successes did the Union army obtain ? Who took possession of New Orleans? 



1862.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



28 ( J 



the advantage was not followed up (6 April). Buell arrived 
during the night, and in the morning the battle was renewed, 
the Federal force being now about double that of the Con- 
federates. After unsuccessfully contesting the field for six 
hours, Beauregard withdrew to Corinth. General Halleck 
now took the command, and led more than one hundred thou- 
sand men against it. The place was evacuated (30 May), Fort 
Pillow was now abandoned (4 June), and Memphis taken after 
the destruction of the Confederate flotilla (6 June). A still 
more important Federal success was the capture of New 
Orleans (25 April). Admiral Farragut vainly bombarded 
the forts which guarded the ascent of the Mississippi, but 
ran past their guns (the boom across the stream having been 
washed away), and appeared before the city. It was unpro- 
vided for defence, and was surrendered. General Butler 
brought up his land forces from Ship Island, which they had 
reached by sea, and took possession of the city (1 May). 
Louisiana was almost entirely lost to the Confederacy. 

12. The summer months were a period of rest in northern 
Mississippi. As they drew to an end General Grant and 
General Rosecrans attacked and worsted Price at Iuka (19 
Sept.). Darkness closed the combat ; and the Confederates 
retreated hastily in the night. Price, however, in conjunc- 
tion with Van Dorn, assailed Corinth about two weeks later, 
but they were badly repulsed by Rosecrans, who had been 
left in charge of the place. 

13. After the capture of New Orleans and Memphis, the 
chief interruption to the navigation of the Mississippi was 
presented by the city of Vieksburg. General Sherman pro- 
ceeded against it by the river ; and General Grant by land. 
Grant was compelled by Van Dorn to return ; and Sherman 
was unsuccessful at Chickasaw Bayou, to the north of the 
city (29 Dec). He also returned. 

12. What is said of the summer months in northern Mississippi? Whom did 
Generals Grant and Rosecrans attack ? What was done two weeks later ? 

13. What presented the chief interruption to the navigation of the Mississippi ? 
Who proceeded against Vieksburg ? 

13 



290 



HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1862. 



14. The Confederates made a vigorous effort to acquire 
Kentucky. General Kirby Smith moved from Knoxville, 
and General Braise from Chattanooga, desioriino; to unite 
in the heart of that State. At Richmond, Smith over- 
whelmed a Union force which barred his path (30 Aug.), 
and pushed onward toward the Ohio and Cincinnati. Bragg 
took four thousand five hundred men and ten guns at Mum- 
fordsville, Kentucky (17 Sept.), and moved on Louisville, 
which Buell reached before him. He retired, and formed a 
junction with Kirby Smith at Frankfort. Buell followed his 
retreat, and a general engagement took place at Perryville 
(8 Oct.). The Confederates gained an indecisive success, 
w T hich only enabled them to secure the large captures so neces- 
sary for the wants of the soldiers. Buell was superseded by 
Rosecrans, who resumed the movement against Bragg. The 
armies engaged near Murfreesboro. The right of the Fede- 
rals was strongly assailed, and forced back with loss (31 
Dec). Two days afterward the battle was renewed (2 Jan.), 
and there was great slaughter on both sides. The desperate 
attacks of General Breckinridge on the Union left were 
repelled with the infliction of much damage. Bragg fell 
back to Tullahoma. 

15. Operations on the Seaboard. — The blockade of the 
southern ports was more effective than in the previous year, 
but it was inadequate to prevent the entrance and exit of 
blockade-runners.* They continued to frequent Charles- 
ton harbor, though an effort had been made to choke the 
channel by sinking seventeen vessels laden with stone (21 
Dec, 1861). No success attended the attempts made against 
the city by land and sea ; and at Secessionville the Federals 
experienced a defeat (16 June). Expeditions from Port 

* " Blockade-runners" were vessels that attempted to pass in and out of blockaded ports. 



14. For what did the Confederates make a vigorous effort ? Give an account of 
the succeeding movements. 

1 5. What is said of the blockade ? What effort had been made to stop blockade- 
runners ? What events took place at this time ? 



1862.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 291 



Royal captured the islands and towns along the coasts of 
Georgia and Florida, and took Fort Pulaski in the Savannah 
River, after a severe bombardment (11 April). Savannah 
ceased to be available as a port to the Confederates, who 
were henceforth restricted almost entirely to Charleston and 
Wilmington on the Atlantic coast. 

16. President Lincoln issued a proclamation (22 Sept.), 
announcing his purpose to emancipate the slaves in all se- 
ceding States and districts which should not have ceased 
resistance to the Federal authority before the end of the 
year. On New- Year's day the emancipation proclamation 
w r as accordingly issued, but it produced little effect in the 
South beyond the lines of the Federal armies. 

17. The Federal finances were sorely strained by the 
exactions of the war, which added two hundred and twenty 
millions of dollars to the debt between November and April, 
and caused a depreciation of one-fourth in the government 
currency ; but the public credit was upheld by loans, by 
making the Treasury paper* a legal tender, by increasing the 
tariff, imposing an income tax, and passing a comprehensive 
stamp act. 

The Confederate finances sunk rapidly during the year, 
and the government paper fell to three dollars for one in 
gold. The South also suffered bitterly from the loss of the 
States along the Mississippi, and from the desolation produced, 
by the passage and presence of armies. Her food-produc- 
ing area was reduced to narrow limits, and foreign commu- 
nications were almost destroyed, so that much distress was 



* By " Treasury paper" is meant currency notes issued by the United States Treasury ; by 
"legal tender ' is here meant such money as, if offered in payment of a debt, constitutes a legal 
offer of payment ; by ''tariff," money paid on goods imported ; by "income tax," a tax on the 
amount of a person's annual income ; and by "stamp act," a law requiring a stamp, which is 
purchased of the government, to be attached to certain documents and manufactured articles. 



16. What did President Lincoln issue ? 

1 7. How much was added to the Federal public debt by the war ? By what was 
the public credit upheld? What was the depreciation in the Confederate money? 
In what other ways did the South suffer ? What had the Federals to encourage them 1 
What States had they recovered ? 



292 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1862. 



experienced by the armies and the people. But the spirit of 
resistance was confirmed by the brilliant though unfruitful 
exploits in Virginia, which were regarded as more than a 
counterpoise for the successive disasters in the west. The 
Federals had, however, great and palpable gains for their 
encouragement. They had recovered nearly the whole coast, 
and almost the entire course of the Mississippi ; they had 
cut the Confederacy in two, and secured Missouri, Kentucky, 
the greater part of Tennessee, and much of Arkansas and 
Louisiana ; and if they were depressed by the bloodshed 
and burden of the war, and by crushing defeats in Virginia, 
there was a vast increase of individual gains, and the deter- 
mination of the people was unabated. 



CHAPTER III. 

President Lincoln's Administration continued. — Third 
Year of the War of Secession, 1863. 

Summary* — 1. Operations in Virginia, Mississippi, Kentucky, Georgia, and oper- 
ations on the coast.— Capture of Galveston. 2. Operations in Virginia. 
3. Hooker's advance.— Capture of Marye's Heights. — Losses. 4. Lee's march 
into Pennsylvania.— Harrisburg and York threatened. — Volunteers called for. — 
Battle of Gettysburg. 5. Lee's retreat. 6. Attempts to destroy railroads in 
Virginia. — Raids. 7. Operations on the Mississippi and in adjacent States. — 
Attempt to open the Mississippi. — Raid by Colonel Griersor. — Operations under 
General Grant. — Surrender of Vicksburg.— Surrender of Fort Hudson. 8. Oper- 
ations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia.— Raid into Georgia.— General 
Morgan's invasion of Kentucky. 9. Chattanooga evacuated. — Surrender of 
Cumberland Gap.— Grant comes to the aid of Chattanooga. — Lookout Mountain 
stormed. 1 O. Operations on the Coast. — Repulse at Sabine Pass.— Attack upon 
Forts McAllister and Sumter. 11. Federal successes. 12. Sufferings from 
the war.— West Virginia organized as a State. 

1. The third year of the war formed the turning point 
of the struggle. The limits of the Confederacy received 



1. What did the third year of the war form ? In what condition did it find the 
Confederacy ? 



1863.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



293 



further contraction, and her resources in men, money, and 
supplies rapidly declined. The incidents which character- 
ized this critical period will be noticed under the several 
divisions of Operations in Virginia, Operations on the Mis- 
sissippi and in the States beyond it, Operations in Kentucky, 
Tennessee, and Georgia, and Operations on the Coast. The 
numerous raids which occurred during the year may be 
mentioned in connection with the more important move- 
ments which they were designed to aid. Before proceeding 
to the consideration of those movements, it may be stated 
that the year had an auspicious commencement for the Con- 
federates in Magruder's capture of Galveston, Texas, by a 
night attack (1 Jan.). 

2. Operations in Virginia. — General Hooker employed 
the winter in assembling and organizing an army intended 
to be sufficient to overcome all opposition. It numbered 
more than one hundred thousand men. Lee opposed him 
with forty-six thousand, for Longstreet's corps had been 
sent south of James River, to subsist and to gather provi- 
sions, and did not all return in time for the great battle. 
Hooker divided his force, sending Sedgwick to make a feint 
at Fredericksburg, while he was turning Lee's left with the 
main body at the junction of the Rapidan and the Rappa- 
hannock. 

3. Hooker crossed the river in his front and intrenched 
himself at Chancellorsville. General Jackson was allowed 
to execute a suggestion made by himself, and marched from 
Lee's extreme right across the whole line of operations, often 
in hearing of, sometimes in sight of, and even in contact with 
the Federal lines. Pie was thought to be hastily retreating. 
Thus he turned Hooker's position, fell on his right flank and 



2. How did General Hooker employ the winter ? State the number of men in 
each of the two armies. To what point was Sedgwick sent ? What did Hooker do 
in the mean time ? 

3. Where did he intrench himself? Give an account of Jackson's proceedings. 
Who was killed at this time, and by whom ? Give an account of Hooker's and Lee's 
proceedings. What heights were carried ? What was done by the Union army ? 
What were the losses in these contests ? What was done by 'General Stoneman ? 



294 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1863. 



rear, and doubled them back on Chancellorsville (2 May). 
While preparing to prosecute his great advantage he was 
mortally wounded in the darkness by his own men. He fell 
exactly two years after his first appointment to command, 
and died five weeks after his fall (10 June). He was Lee's 
" right ai*m" in battle ; so rapid in execution, so resolute in 
conduct, so pure and Christian in character, that he had se- 
cured the devotion of his troops and the respect of his ene- 
mies. While borne from the field he had requested that the 
enemy should be pressed the next day. Lee quietly ob- 
served, " They shall be pressed." He bore down upon them 
in front, and Stuart, who had taken Jackson's place, thun- 
dered with artillery and assailed with bayonets in flank. 
Hooker's divisions were forced back to the river. But Lee 
was recalled from the pursuit of these shattered forces by 
the advance upon his rear of Sedgwick, who had carried 
Marye's Heights against the weak line left to oppose him. 
They met at Salem Heights (4 May). Sedgwick was re- 
pulsed and nearly cut off from escape, but he forced his 
way to the river, which he crossed. Before Lee could re- 
new his attack on Hooker, the Federal army had been with- 
drawn across the Rappahannock in the night, the stream 
rising and endangering the passage, but protecting it from 
pursuit. The Confederate loss in these bloody engagements 
was ten thousand, the Federal over seventeen thousand, with 
fourteen guns and twenty thousand stand of arms. Hooker 
had sent General Stoneman with more than ten thousand 
cavalry to cut the railroads, and deprive Lee both of sup- 
plies and means of retreat. The slight damage done was 
soon repaired. 

4. After much manoeuvring Lee crossed into the Valley, 
and thence marched into Pennsylvania with sixty thousand 



4. Whither did Lee march ? What took place at Brandy Station ? What occurred 
at Winchester ? What cities* were threatened by the Confederates ? For what did 
Mr. Lincoln call ? By whom was Hooker relieved ? At what place did the opposing 
armies come in collision ? D<^crihe the three days' battles. What was the result ? 
What did General Lec do ? What were the losses ? 



1863.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



295 



men. In the course of these movements an engagement be- 
tween the entire cavalry of both armies took place on the 
wide plains around Brandy Station (battle of Fleetwood, 9 
June) ; and the Federals withdrew with some loss in the 
afternoon of a long day of battle. On the march down the 
Valley, Milroy was surprised at Winchester by General Swell, 
who held Jackson's command and led the Confederate van 
(17 June). He captured four thousand prisoners, twenty- 
nine pieces of artillery, and large military stores. When the 
rest of the army came up Ewell crossed the Potomac (23 
June), and pressed forward into Pennsylvania, followed by 
Hill and Longstreet. Harrisburg and York were threatened, 
Philadelphia was alarmed, Baltimore and Washington were 
in peril. Mr. Lincoln called again for volunteers, — one hun- 
dred thousand short-term men. Hooker was withdrawn 
from Virginia and relieved by Meade (27 June). The op- 
posing armies came into collision at Gettysburg, and the 
most desperate struggle of the war took place, without pre- 
vious design on the part of either commander. It raged for 
three days with increasing fury. On the first day (1 July) 
the advanced Federal divisions were forced through the town 
to the steep, rocky heights behind it. On the second, the 
main body having come up on both sides, the assault was 
renewed with frightful energy, and more frightful slaughter. 
The Confederates pierced the Federal lines, and retained their 
footing within them. On the third day, the main attack was 
directed against the Union centre. A tremendous fire of 
artillery preceded the steady march of Pickett's division in 
company with other troops. The division which accompanied 
it crumbled under the galling fire, and fled in disorder ; but 
Pickett rushed up the heights, and broke into the opposing 
front. The movement was not supported; the assaulting 
columns were shattered by the storm of shot, and compelled 
to retire. Lee's ammunition was nearly exhausted, and sub- 
sistence difficult. He would not renew the attack, but waited 
a day for it to be made ; and then retired in good order and 



296 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1863. 



recrossed the Potomac (13 July), leaving the field in pos- 
session of the Federal forces, whose loss in this great and 
critical battle was more than twenty-three thousand : the 
Confederate loss was less. 

5. Lee fell back slowly to the Rappahannock, and thence 
to the Rapidan, followed by Meade. He nearly succeeded 
in throwing himself on Meade's line of communications (9-18 
Oct.), but was frustrated in his design, and suffered some 
disaster at Bristoe Station. Meade unsuccessfully attempted 
to turn Lee's flank, and get in his rear at Mine Run (30 Nov.). 
Both armies lay along the Rapidan, facing each other, till 
the return of spring. 

6. Two attempts were made in Southwestern Virginia to 
destroy the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, the main line 
of communication with Tennessee and the southwest. The 
first raid reached Wythe ville (23 July) and burnt several 
houses and all the government stores ; but its leader, Colonel 
Toland, was slain, and his men escaped hastily by by-paths 
over the mountains. The other, under General Averill, de- 
stroyed the railroad at Salem (10 Dec), and on its return 
slipped through numerous bodies of Confederate cavalry 
hastening from various quarters. It was during this year 
that Colonel Mosby attracted attention as a Confederate 
partisan leader by his skill, daring, and energy. 

7. Operations on the Mississippi and in the States beyond 
it. — Arkansas Post, which closed the navigation of the river 
of that name, was taken (M January) by the troops which 
had been posted before Vicksburg. Renewed efforts were 
made to reduce that city, and open the entire course of the 



5. Give an account of Lee's retreat. What did he attempt ? Where did he suffer 
disaster ? What was done by both armies ? 

6. What attempts were made in Southwestern Virginia ? What was accomplished 
by the first raid? What by the second? Who distinguished himself during this 
year ? 

"7. What post- was taken by the troops from Vicksburg? For what purpose was 
renewed effort made? What'was due: by the army troops ? What was done by Col- 
onel Grier>on ? What was accomplished by the ironclads and transports ? At what 
point did Grant cross? Give a description of his movements and the surrender of 
Vicksburg. Who was defeated at Helena, and when ? What post was surrendered? 
What had General Banks been doing in the interval ? 



1863.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 29? 

Mississippi. A canal was dug across the great bend to 
reach the river below, bat a sudden rise in the stream de- 
stroyed the works (8 March). All attempts to gain posses- 
sion of the Yazoo River were frustrated, and Grant changed 
his line of attack. Colonel Grierson was ordered to make 
a raid through the State of Mississippi. This he performed, 
destroying bridges, railroads, telegraph lines, and four mil- 
lions of property, and arriving safely at Baton Rouge 
(bat'n roozti) (17 April— 1 May). The batteries of 
Vicksburg were passed in the night, under a heavy fire, by 
the ironclads and transports (16, 17 April). Grand Gulf 
having defied capture by bombardment from the river, 
Grant crossed lower down, near Port Gibson, and drove the 
enemy before him (1 May). He had turned Vicksburg. and 
proposed to assail it in the rear. He first marched east- 
wardly, as General Joe Johnston threatened him on the 
right. He defeated the Confederate force at Raymond (12 
May), pushed forward to Jackson, entered it, and destroyed 
the railroads, public stores, and other property (15 May). 
Thence returning, he inflicted a ruinous defeat on General 
Pemberton at Baker's Creek (or Champion Hill) (16 May), 
and the next day carried the works at the crossing of the 
Big Black River. Pemberton was forced back into Vicks- 
burg, where he was closely besieged. A general assault was 
repulsed with the loss of ten thousand men (19 May). A 
steady bombardment was then opened on the beleaguered 
city. An attempt to take it by storm and mine was foiled 
(25 June) ; but, after a week's delay, it was surrendered 
with its garrison of twenty-three thousand men, its prisoners, 
and guns (4 July). On the same day General Price was de- 
feated at Helena, Arkansas. General Johnston withdrew from 
Jackson, having vainly endeavored to collect a force suffi- 
cient to assail Grant's rear. The fall of Vicksburg was the 
most irreparable blow the Confederacy had yet sustained. 
Port Hudson was surrendered as soon as the disaster was 
known (9 July). It had repelled two attacks by Admiral 

13* 



298 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1863. 



Farragut and General Banks (15 March — 14 June), inflict- 
ing considerable damage on the first, and much more on the 
second assault. In the interval General Banks had occu- 
pied the rich districts of Louisiana toward Alexandria. 

8. Operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia, — 
While Bragg and Rosecrans confronted each other before 
Tuilahoma, many expeditions and partial actions took place. 
Colonel Streight was sent on a raid into Georgia to cut the 
railroads behind the Confederates. He was pursued, over- 
taken, and captured by Forrest near Rome (8 May). 

General Morgan had invaded Kentucky with a strong body 
of cavalry, expecting support from the Confederate forces 
in Tennessee. He traversed Kentucky, taking Lebanon on 
the way (5 July), crossed the Ohio below Louisville (8 July), 
circled round Cincinnati, and pushed across the State of 
Ohio. He w r as pursued by increasing numbers of Federal 
cavalry, and encompassed with the gathering militia. After 
several unsuccessful attempts to cross the Ohio River, he 
surrendered at New Lisbon with five hundred followers (26 
July). 

9. The advance of Rosecrans on Bragg had prevented the 
co-operation expected by Morgan (24 June). Bragg retired 
to Chattanooga on the south bank of the Tennessee, and eva- 
cuated it on the Federal approach (8 Sept). Burnside moved 
up from Kentucky into East Tennessee, receiving the sur- 
render of Cumberland Gap on the way (8 Sept.), and found 
Knoxville abandoned. His main force was required to 
strengthen Rosecrans, who received accessions also from the 
Army of the Potomac. Bragg was reinforced by Long- 
street from Lee's army, and by other smaller bodies, and 
fell heavily upon Rosecrans along the Chickainauga Creek, 



8. Who confronted each other before Tallahoma ? For what purpose was Colonel 
Streight sent into Georgia ? How did this raid result? Who invaded Kentucky? 
What was done by Morgan ? 

9. How was Morgan frustrated in his plans ? What surrender was made ? What 
city abandoned? How were the armies reinforced? Where was an attack made? 
Who brought up reinforcements? What heights were stormed, and by whom ? 
What place was carried ? Give an account of it. 



1863.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



299 



which empties into the Tennessee above Chattanooga. The 
impetuosity of the attack swept before it the Federal right 
and centre, and drove them into the town. The torrent of 
victory was stemmed by General Thomas with the left wing, 
and though the Confederates took eight thousand prisoners 
and fifty-four guns, the success was not turned to account 
(19, 20 Sept.). But the Federals were cooped up in Chatta- 
nooga, and their supplies by river and railroad were cut off, 
when Grant took command and brought up strong reinforce- 
ments. By bold and skillful movements the broken com- 
munications were restored. The heights of Lookout Moun- 
tain, which overhung the river and the town, were stormed 
by Hooker (Battle of the Clouds) (24 Nov. ), and Missionary 
Ridge, on the opposite side of the valley, was carried (25 
Nov.). Bragg's army was shattered and pushed back. He 
had weakened himself by detaching Longstreet against 
Burnside at Knoxviile. The siege of that place was closely 
pressed (17 Nov.), and a desperate but unsuccessful assault 
was made upon it (29 Nov.). On the arrival of Sherman 
to its relief, Longstreet withdrew toward Virginia (3 Dec). 

10. Operations on the Coast. — The capture of Galveston 
by the Confederates has been already noted. A Federal 
fleet was repelled at Sabine Pass, on the boundary of Texas 
and Louisiana, by a garrison of forty-seven men (8 Sept.). 
The only important transaction of this year on the seaboard 
was the renewal of efforts against Charleston. To test the 
efficiency of the ironclads an attack was made on Fort 
McAllister, near Savannah (1 Feb.). It was bombarded and 
the privateer Nashville was destined. A powerful assault 
was made upon Fort Sumter with a fleet of nine ironclads 
(7 April). They made little impression upon the fort, but 
suffered severely themselves — the Keokuk being so much in- 
jured that she sank the next morning. Sumter was again 



10. At what point was a Federal fleet repulsed? What were the important 
transactions of this year? What forts were attacked, and with what success? 
What was done at Charleston ? 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1863. 

JS 

bombarded, and vain efforts were made to take it by surprise. 
Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, was abandoned by the Con- 
federates (7 Sept.) after regular military approaches and a 
bombardment of fifty-seven days. An attempt to carry it by 
assault had been repulsed (10 July). Sumter was exposed 
to an increasing bombardment, which crumbled the walls, 
but protected the garrison by the impenetrable ruins which 
it made (17 Aug.). The Federal batteries on the shore threw 
shells into Charleston, which had been laid waste by a pre- 
vious conflagration (21 Aug.). 

11. The military transactions of the year had separated the 
Trans-Mississippi States from the rest of the Confederacy ; 
had given to the Federals both shores of the Mississippi, from 
its source to its mouth ; had acquired for them the whole of 
Tennessee ; and had closed all the Atlantic ports except 
Wilmington. These gains were partially obscured by Con- 
federate victories. Hooker had been overthrown at Chan- 
cellorsville, but Lee had been foiled at Gettysburg. 
Robecrans had been fearfully routed at Chickamauga, but 
Bragg had been disastrously defeated at Chattanooga, and 
Longstreet had been driven from Knoxville. 

12. Both the North and the South suffered from the pro- 
longation of the war and the continued strain upon their 
resources. Subsistence and men were failing at the South. 
The Confederate currency was declining so rapidly as to 
have become nearly worthless. The Federal finances were 
strengthened by the acceptance of Secretary Chase's plan for 
National Banks and a National Currency (25 Feb.), and by 
the negotiation of loans among the people and in Europe. 
To keep up and increase the vast Federal armies, a Conscrip- 
tion Act was passed, and a levy of three hundred thousand 
men was ordered (15 June). It produced over $10,000,000 



11. What was the result of the military transactions of this year ? 

12. From what wa3 the country suffering* "What was the condition of the Con- 
federate currency? What, of the Federal ? How was the requisition for new troops 
satisfied ? By what had the commercial interests of the country been injured? 
What was done in the spring ? 



1863.1 ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 301 



for commutir.ions, and about fifty thousand soldiers for 
service. In some instances the draft provoked resistance, 
especially in the City of New York (13-16 July), where a 
terrible riot occurred, which was suppressed by detachments 
from the army in the field. Volunteers were, however, raised 
by the aid of local, State, and Federal bounties. Thus a 
requisition for three hundred thousand men (15 Oct.) was 
satisfied. Commercial interests were greatly damaged by 
the Confederate cruisers, chiefly by the Alabama, Captain 
Semmes, and the Florida, Captain Maffit. The injury done 
by these vessels is the subject of those demands against the 
British government, known as the "Alabama Claims." 

In the spring, West Virginia was recognized as a separate 
State (20 April), and was organized as such (20 June). 



CHAPTEE IV. 

President Lincoln's Administration continued. — Fourth 
Year of the War of Secession, 1864. 

Summary,— 1. Size of the armies.— Appointment of Grant as Lieutenant-General. 
2. Attempt to recover Florida. — Movements of General Sherman. — Expedition 
up the Red River. — Price's raid in Missouri. 3. Efforts to regain the seaports 
of North Carolina. 4. Operations in Virginia. 5. General Grant crossss the 
Rapidan. — Plan of operations. 6. Lee's advance. — Two days' battles. 7. 
Advance upon Richmond. 8. Movements by General Grant. 9. Movement by 
General Butler. 1 0. Sigel's march.— Its results. — Operations by the joint forces 
of Hunter, Crook, and Averill. 11. Operations under General Grant. 12. 
Around Petersburg. 13. Washington threatened.— Pennsylvania invaded. — 
Battle at Winchester. — Surprise at Cedar Creek. 14. Operations in Georgia and 
Tennessee. — Sherman's march. 15. Attack at Atlanta. — Subsequent movements. 
IB. Sherman's march to the sea. 17. Attack upon the Salt Works in Vir- 
ginia. 18. Operations on the sea and the seaboard. 19. Indian hostilities. 
— Presidential election. — Prosperity of the North. — Condition of the Confederacy. 
— Nevada admitted as a State. 

1. The fourth year of the war was distinguished by a 
brilliant display of military skill and resolution. A million 

1 . By what was the fourth year of the war distinguished ? What was the number 
of the Northern army ? What, the Southern ? Who was appointed lieutenant- 
general ? To what points does the main interest tend ? 



302 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1864. 



of men were in the Northern army; about a quarter of 
that number were found in the Confederate ranks. The 
appointment of Grant as lieutenant-general to the control 
of all the Federal armies (3 March) introduced unity of 
purpose, and renders it easy to follow the great movements 
of the year. The main interest gathers round the advance 
upon Richmond in the east, and upon Atlanta in the west ; 
but some disconnected operations must first be noticed. 

2. General Seymour was dispatched from Port Royal to 
recover Florida for the Union. The design was frustrated 
by his utter defeat at Olustee (Ocean Pond) (20 Feb.). 
Sherman marched eastward from Vicksburg to clear Mis- 
sissippi of Confederate forces (3 Feb.). He was to be 
supported by a cavalry raid from Tennessee, but it was 
arrested at Okalona by General Forrest (22 Feb.), and 
he returned (26 Feb.) after destroying the numerous 
railroads around Meridian and spreading general ruin 
along his track. After frustrating the Federal raid, 
General Forrest entered Kentucky, vainly attempted Pa- 
ducah (25 March), but stormed and took Fort Pillow. 
A part of Sherman's force, on its return to Vicksburg, 
united with General Banks and a fleet of gunboats in an 
expedition up the Red River. Banks was defeated by 
Kirby Smith near Mansfield (8 April), and again attacked 
at Pleasant Hill (9 April), and driven to the shelter of his 
flotilla. He continued his retreat, and the enterprise was 
foiled. General Steele, hastening from Arkansas, turned 
back to Little Rock, and was closely pursued (2 May). 
In the fall, General Price made an irruption into Missouri, 
turned from St. Louis, which he was too weak to assail, 
found Jefferson City prepared to receive him, retired rapidly, 
and was followed back to Arkansas by numerous Federal 



2. For what purpose was General Seymour dispatched from Port Royal ? What 
was done by General Sherman ? Who was sent up the Red River, and for what 
purpose ? What was done in the fall ? How did the troops suffer from these transac- 
tions ? 



1861.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



303 



columns (28 Oct.). Neither side suffered greatly, except 
from anxiety, fatigue, capture, and desertion. 

3. An effort was made by the Confederates to regain the 
seaports of North Carolina. General Pickett obtained an 
advantage at Newbern (3 Feb.), and, aided by the Confed- 
erate ram Albemarle, took Plymouth (18 April). When 
the troops were withdrawn for the defence of Petersburg, 
the Albemarle was destroyed and Plymouth retaken (31 Oct.). 

4. Operations in Virginia. — While the armies were in 
winter quarters on the Rapidan, General Kilpatrick dashed 
round Lee's right flank, to cut the railroads and surprise 
Richmond. He approached within six miles of the city. 
Colonel Dahlgren was charged with the liberation of the 
prisoners on the south side of the James, but was unable to 
cross the river, and was killed on his retreat (4 March). 

5. General Grant crossed the Rapidan at the time appointed 
for the general commencement of the campaign, with about 
one hundred thousand men (3 May), and entered the 
Wilderness, which enclosed the bloody field of Chancellors- 
ville. Lee met him with forty thousand Confederates, for 
Longstreet did not arrive till the second day's battle. 
Butler ascended James River with forty thousand soldiers, 
to threaten or assail Petersburg and Richmond. Sigel was 
to push up the Shenandoah valley with a column ten thou- 
sand strong, to be joined by Crook and Averill, from the 
Kanawha, with nearly as many more, and to strike at Lynch- 
burg with the united force. 

6. Lee's plan of resistance to Grant has been pronounced 
"one of his boldest and most skillful conceptions." He 
advanced at once, and engaged the Federal divisions on their 
march through the woods from Chancellorsville (5 May), 
inflicting severe damage. Early next morning he fell on 

3. What efforts were made in North Carolina ? What was destroyed ? 

4. What was done by General Kilpatrick while the araries were in winter quarters ? 

5. What did Grant do at the time appointed for the commencement of the cam- 
paign ? What was the plan of operations ? 

6. What action was taken by Lee? Give an account of the attack. For what 
purpose were great eiforts made ? What was Grant's next movement ? 



304 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1864. 



them again. A general and desperate struggle ensued. 
Longstreet came up and forced back the Federal lines, but 
he was wounded by a shot from his own ranks while urging 
on the combat. The Federal loss in these two days was esti- 
mated at twenty thousand, the Confederate was probably seven 
thousand. A night march to Spottsylvania Court House, to 
get in Lee's rear, was frustrated, as Longstreet's corps arrived 
first, and held it against assault (8 May). Repeated attempts 
to gain the position were defeated with heavy loss (10 May), 
but, on a dull, foggy morning, a salient angle of the works was 
surprised, and the whole Stonewall division, with other troops, 
and eighteen cannon, was captured (12 May). Fierce efforts 
were made to retake these works. They were not regained, 
though the combat lasted till midnight, and cost the Fede- 
rals ten thousand or twelve thousand men. The Confed- 
erate loss, though smaller, was fearful. Grant failed to 
dislodge Lee (18 May), and moved to the left to flank him, 
edging down toward Richmond (23 May). 

7. General Sheridan was sent with the cavalry to break 
Lee's communications and surprise Richmond. He cut the 
railroads, though attacked at Beaver Dam (10 May). At the 
Yellow Tavern, near Richmond, General Stuart was killed and 
his cavalry scattered (11 May). The outer defences of the 
city were penetrated, but Sheridan turned from the inner 
lines, crossed the Chickahominy, and reached the James 
River (14 May), whence he returned to the army of the 
Potomac (25 May). 

8. Grant continued his side-long advance, being deter- 
mined " to fight it out on that line, if it took him all sum- 
mer." Lee was in much peril at the crossing of the North 
Anna (23 May), but the result of partial engagements was 
favorable to him, and Grant crossed the Pamunkey (26 
May). While this change of direction took place, the Con- 



7. For what purpose was General Sheridan dispatched? With what success ? 

8. What, did General Grant continue to do? At what point was General Lee in 
peril ? What other movements took place ? 



1864.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN 



305 



federate cavalry suffered severely in an action at Hawes's 
shop (28 May). 

9. During these great movements, General Butler effected 
a landing between the James and the Appomattox Rivers 
(6 May). He gained a slight advantage on the railroad 
in his front; but Beauregard attacked him with troops 
gathered from North and South Carolina (16 May), forced 
him within his intrenchments, and confined him there by 
drawing his lines across the narrow neck of land in his front. 

1®. Sigel marched up the valley, but was routed at ±sTew 
Market (15 May) by inferior forces under Breckinridge hur- 
ried up from Southwestern Virginia, and strengthened by 
the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute. He was super- 
seded by Hunter. Averill came from the Kanawha with a 
splendid body of cavalry, which was severely handled by 
General Morgan, near Wythe ville (10 May). Crook, who had 
taken a different route, gained a decisive victory at Dublin, 
and burnt the bridge over New River, in the neighborhood. 
About a month later both joined Hunter, who was coming 
up the Valley, and had overwhelmed a small Confederate 
force at Piedmont (5 June). Breckinridge had been with- 
drawn to strengthen Lee before Richmond. The joint 
forces of Hunter, Crook, and Averill entered Lexington, 
burnt the Military Institute and other buildings, crossed the 
Blue Ridge, and appeared before Lynchburg (18 June). 
On the arrival of Early and Breckinridge, with detachments 
from Lee's army, Hunter withdrew in the night, but was 
so closely pursued that the retreat became a flight. 

11. The narrative now returns to Grant, who was en- 
deavoring to flank Lee again, and to force a passage of the 
Chickahominy. Since leaving the Wilderness he had re- 
ceived large reinforcements, and now ordered up the greater 



9. What had General Butler effected during this period ? 

10. Whither did Sigel march ? By whom was he superseded ? Who joined Hun- 
ter ? What occurred a month later ? What was done by the joint forces ? 

11. What was Grant endeavoring to do? What reinforcements had been re- 
ceived? Where was an assault made ? State the time and result of the main attack. 



306 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1S64. 



part of Butler's command from the other side of James River, 
while Lee had received scarcely more than seven thousand. 
A general assault was made on the Confederate lines at Cold 
Harbor (3 June), but the main attack in the early morning 
met with a bloody and decisive repulse, and was over in ten 
minutes. More than thirteen thousand Federal soldiers were 
sacrificed, while the Confederate loss was not as many hun- 
dreds. Grant recoiled and crossed James River (16 June), 
having lost sixty thousand men since leaving the Rapidan, 
and having inflicted a loss of eighteen thousand on Lee. 
While Grant was preparing to cross the James River, Sheri- 
dan was sent with his cavalry to seize Gordonsville and Char- 
lottesville, destroying the railroads at those places, and to unite 
with Hunter in his movement from the Valley. At Trevil- 
lian's Station, a few miles below Gordonsville, he was en- 
countered by General Hampton, with a quarter of his force, 
and routed (12 June). In this, and his previous raid on 
Richmond in May, he had lost five thousand men. The 
Confederate cavalry met with almost uniform success at this 
period. 

12. The field of battle was now transferred to Petersburg. 
An assault on Beauregard's main line was repelled with 
heavy loss to the assailants (18 June). Grant intrenched 
along his whole front, and tried to outflank and envelop the 
Confederates, sending his cavalry to destroy the railroads. 
He did not escape damaging blows (22-24 June). A fort on 
the Confederate front was mined, blown up, and converted 
into a huge " crater" (30 July). When the assaulting 
columns passed beyond the ruins they were met by a storm 
of fire, and compelled to seek cover in the hollow where the 
fort had been, and where the shot and shell rained heavily 
upon them. About four thousand perished. Both armies lay 
within their lines during the remainder of the year, not in- 



12. To what place was the field of battle transferred ? What efforts were made ? 
What damage was done by a Confederate fort ? What had been accomplished by 
the previous movements ? 



1864.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



307 



active, nor without notable success on both sides in partial 
combats. Grant's lines were extended to the Weldon Road 
(21 August) and beyond, but with the loss of four thousand 
five hundred men ; a furious assault having been made upon 
General Warren by the Confederates under General Mahone 
(19, 20 August). While Hancock was destroying this road he 
was attacked at Reams's Station by the Confederate General 
A. P. Hill. His intrenchments were carried at the fourth 
charge, and more than a quarter of his force was killed or cap- 
tured, but the advantage was won by the Confederates with a 
serious sacrifice of lives (25 Aug.). The attempts to approach 
Richmond by the northern bank of the James River cost 
much blood, and were effectually frustrated, though Fort 
Harrison was captured (29 Sept.) and never regained. Two 
attempts of the Federal commander to push forward his 
lines — one on the north and the other on the south side of 
the river — were foiled by Longstreet on the Williamsburg 
Road, and by Mahone on the Boydton Road (2 7 Oct.). 
During the latter months of the year General Butler was 
employed in an attempt to change the course of the James 
River by digging the " Dutch Gap Canal" across the nar- 
row neck of land at a great bend in the stream. It was an 
utter failure, like his powder-boat at Fort Fisher, North 
Carolina. Several heavy combats during this period are 
unavoidably omitted. 

13. The retreat of Hunter from Lynchburg left the Val- 
ley of Virginia open, and Early and Breckinridge were 
sent through it to threaten Washington and Baltimore, in 
hopes of dislodging Grant from Petersburg. But he did 
not relax his hold. They reached Frederick City without 
opposition (7 July), defeated Wallace on the Monocacy (9 
July), broke the railroad toward Baltimore, and approached 
Washington. The capital seemed helpless, but Early 

13. Who were sent through the Valley of Virginia, and for what purpose ? What 
p.Uy did they reach ? What damage did they do ? Who now took command in the 
Valley ? What was done at Winchester, and at Fisher's Hill ? Where was Sheridan 
surprised ? How did this skirmish result ? 



308 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1864. 



delayed attack. Federal troops reached the city and he 
withdrew (13 July) to the Valley. He retraced his steps 
when the Union forces were recalled, entered Pennsylvania, 
and laid Chambersburg in ashes (30 July). General Sheri- 
dan now took command in the Valley, with an effective force 
of at least forty thousand men, of whom one-fourth were 
cavalry. Early had about twelve thousand. The Confed- 
erates were attacked and routed at Winchester (19 Oct.), 
and again at Fisher's Hill (22 Oct.), when Early retreated 
up the Valley, and Sheridan spread ruin through that rich 
region. He burnt full barns and mills everywhere, till he him- 
self declared the country u so bare that a crow would fly over 
it without finding food." When Early was recruited he sur- 
prised Sheridan's main body at Cedar Creek (19 Oct.), driv- 
ing it in confusion from the field. Sheridan came up with 
fresh troops in the afternoon, turned the tide, and inflicted a 
more disastrous rout on the Confederates. In these three 
battles forty-four pieces of artillery fell into the hands of the 
Federals. 

14. Operations in Georgia and Tennessee. — Sherman re- 
ceived the chief command at Chattanooga. Commencing 
his campaign at the same time with Grant's, ha moved with 
three columns, numbering nearly one hundred thousand 
men, against fifty thousand Confederates, now guided by 
the strategy of General Joe Johnston. Sherman began his 
operations by flanking Dalton (7 May), which was evacu- 
ated. At Resaca the Confederates were assailed and com- 
pelled to retire (14, 15 May). Position after position was 
turned and abandoned, though Johnston desired battle at 
Cassville, and assailed the enemy and repelled their attacks 
at New Hope Church, near Dallas (25, 26, 27 May). Here 
the advance was checked for a time. An attack was made by 
Sherman at Kenesaw Mountain, but failed (27 June). John- 
ston's positions were again turned. He crossed the Chatta- 



14. Who received the chief command at Chattanooga? At what time did his 
campaign commence ? Give an account of it. Who succeeded Johnston ? 



1864.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



309 



nooga (9 July), and retreated to the lines of Atlanta. He now 
prepared to give battle with the advantage on his side ; but 
at this moment he was 
superseded by General 
Hood — " a successor, 
brave indeed, but rash" 
(17 July). 

15. Hood hastened to 
attack Sherman in front 
of Atlanta (20 July), 
and received a bloody 
repulse. Twice again he 
repeated the desperate 
assault, to meet twice 
again with similar disas- 
ter (22-28 July). When 
all his lines of communi- 
cation were broken, he 
retired from Atlanta, 
(Sept.), having made a stubborn but vain defence. Sherman 
occupied the city and drove out its inhabitants (12 Sept.). 
President Davis, in a public speech at Macon, (23 Sept.), an- 
nounced movements in contemplation which would inflict on 
the Federal commander "the fate that befell the army of the 
French empire in its retreat from Moscow." In prosecution 
of the new design, Hood descended on the railroad at Alla- 
toona (5 Oct.), but was driven back. He appeared again 
on the line at Resaca (12 Oct.), and destroyed the track for 
twenty miles northward, then proceeded to Dalton, captured 
the garrison (14 Oct.), and continued the destruction to Tun- 
nel Hill. Sherman was hastening up from Atlanta, but Hood 
turned to the west. Thomas and Schofield were sent to 
oppose him in Tennessee, and Sherman returned to execute 

15. What did Hood hasten to do ? With what result ? How many times did he 
make an attack? Who occupied Atlanta? What did President Davis announce? 
What was done in prosecution of the design ? Where did a decisive battle occur? 
Describe the succeeding battles. 




310 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



H864. 



new plans. Hood crossed the Tennessee River near Flor- 
ence (31 Oct.), and after much delay moved into the State 
of Tennessee (19 Nov.). At Columbia, Schofield was in his 
front, but drew back after severe skirmishing (24-27 Nov.). 
At Franklin battle was offered. Hood attacked vigorously, 
and was vigorously resisted, but won the field with heavy 
loss (1 Dec), and followed the retreating forces to the 
heights of Nashville, where the decisive battle occurred. 
The Federal army, largely increased, and now under General 
Thomas, attacked Hood with overwhelming energy (15, 16 
Dec). In the first day's battle the Confederates were driven 
back with the sacrifice of sixteen guns and twelve hundred 
prisoners ; in the second day's fight their lines were pierced, 
broken, and routed. The pursuit of the scattered remnants 
was checked only by swollen rivers and the unfailing 
resolution of the rear guard under Forrest (29 Dec). 

16. Sherman arrested his movement against Hood, with 
the purpose of forcing his way to the Atlantic shore. 
Hood's departure left the whole country open and unde- 
fended ; and there was much discontent among the Georgians. 
Destroying the cities of Atlanta and Rome, Sherman set 
out in three columns for Savannah (12 Nov.). He took with 
him more than sixty-five thousand men and sixty-five guns. 
He moved forward by easy marches, leaving behind him a 
belt of desolation eighty miles in width. An attack by 
Wheeler's cavalry (29 Oct.), which was easily repelled, was 
almost the only interruption on the way. In less than a 
month the Confederate outposts were driven within the lines 
of Savannah (10 Dec). Communications were established 
with the fleet on the coast; Fort McAllister was stormed 
(13 Dec), and Savannah was occupied after a feeble resist- 
ance (20 Dec) 



16. For what purpose did Sherman arrest his movements against Hood? In 
what condition did he find the country and the Georgians ? In what manner did he 
set out for Savannah ? Describe his progress. What was accomplished in less than 
a month ? 



1864.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



311 



17. An attack on the Salt Works in Southwestern Vir- 
ginia was defeated by General Breckinridge, with some strag- 
gling cavalry and the militia of the neighborhood (2 Oct.). 
These works furnished most of the salt used in the Confed- 
eracy. They were taken and partially destroyed on the 
irruption of General Stoneman from Tennessee (20 Dec). 

18. Operations on the Sea and the Seaboard. — The Confed- 
erate cruiser, Alabama, was engaged off Cherbourg (shair 1 - 
boorg),'m France, by the Kearsarge, a United States steamer 
of equal force (19 Jane). The hull of the Alabama was 
torn by shot and shell : the water rushed into her hold, and 
she sank before she could regain the shore. Captain Semmes 
and many of his men were saved from the waves by an 
English yacht which had watched the combat. In the night, 
and in the neutral port of San Salvador, the Florida w T as run 
down and captured by the Vv r achusett, and carried off under 
the guns of the forts, and through the Brazilian fleet (7 Oct.). 
These Confederate vessels were reported to have injured 
ISTorthern commerce to the amount of $10,000,000. A 
powerful Union fleet of twenty-eight ships, under Admiral 
Farragut, assailed the forts and four vessels which defended 
Mobile Bay. A desperate attack was made by the Confed- 
erate ram Tennessee, but it was forced to surrender (5 Aug.). 
Fort Powell was blown up by its garrison (5 Aug.), Fort 
Gaines capitulated (7 Aug.), Fort Morgan surrendered (23 
Aug.). The harbor was thus effectually closed. Wilming- 
ton was the only port remaining to the Confederates, and it 
did not remain much longer in their possession. Fort Fisher, 
at the entrance of the Cape Fear River, was heavily bom- 
barded by the fleet (24, 25 Dec). Butler's land force did 
not hazard an attack. At the beginning of the next year 
another and a successful attempt was made upon it by Gen- 

1 7. On what was an attack made ? 

18. Where was the Confederate cruiser Alabama engaged? How was it de- 
stroyed ? Who saved the captain and his men ? How was the Florida destroyed ? 
To what amount had Confederate vessels injured the commerce of the country? 
What assailed the forts at Mobile Bay ? Was it successful ? What was accomplished 
the next year ? 



312 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1864. 



eral Terry (13-15 Jan., 1865), and Wilmington was evacu- 
ated on the approach of a Federal army under Schofield 
(21 Feb.). 

19. Other occurrences of the year merit notice. Alarming 
Indian hostilities had broken out on the Missouri and the 
Upper Mississippi, and General Pope was engaged in de- 
fending the frontier against them. A presidential election 
was held ; General McClellan being the candidate of the 
Democratic party, and President Lincoln the candidate of 
the Republican party. Lincoln was re-elected, with Andrew 
Johnson of Tennessee as vice-president. McClellan received 
the votes of only three States. Lincoln's majority on the popu- 
lar vote little exceeded four hundred thousand. The Federal 
currency declined for a time to nearly one-third of its nominal 
value. Industry, however, flourished ; the country along 
the Rocky Mountains was rapidly filling up; new enter- 
prises were commenced and old ones enormously extended ; 
so that the Northern States grew in population and in 
wealth more vigorously than they had done in peace. The 
South was declining in all respects. Its resources were ex- 
hausted, its industry paralyzed, its finances beyond hope, 
and its territory was virtually reduced to South and North 
Carolina and part of Virginia. 

During the year Nevada was received as the thirty-sixth 
State of the Union (31 Oct.). Those rich veins of silver were 
already worked, which now add to the metallic treasure of 
the world more than Potosi and Pasco ever did. 



1 9. What had broken out in the West ? What election was held this year ? Who 
were the candidates ? Who was re-elected ? How many of the States voted for 
General McClellan ? Describe the state of the Nortt during this period. In what 
condition did the close of the year find the South ? What State was admitted to the 
Union ? 



1865.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



313 



CHAPTER V. 

Close of President Lincoln's Administration, and 
End of the War of Secession, 1865. 

Summary,— 1. Loss of Confederate territory.— Seaports regained by Union forces. 
—Act passed to enroll slaves. 2. Terms of peace offered.— Act to abolish 
slavery passed.— Presentation of Thirteenth Amendment. 3. Operations in 
Virginia.— Lee made commander-in-chief.— Movement by Sheridan. 4. Move- 
ments by Grant.— Their results.— Lee's surrender. 5 . Occupation of Petersburg 
and Richmond.— Escape of the Confederate Cabinet. 6. Operations in the 
Carolinas.— Columbia destroyed.— Action at Solemn Grove.— Occupation of 
Fayetteville. 7. Railroad communication destroyed.— Sherman resumes oper- 
ations.— Johnston's surrender. 8. Flight of the officers of the Confederacy. 
--Capture of Jefferson Davis.— Capture of Southern cities. 9 . Abrogation of the 
Reciprocity Treaty.— Establishment of Freedmen's Bureau.— " Alabama Claims" 
presented at the Court of St. James.— Empire established in Mexico by Louis 
Napoleon. 

1. The war ended with the fifth spring. The arena of 
conflict had been narrowed, and was almost restricted to the 
territory between the James River and the Savannah. The 
army of Grant was upon the one, the army of Sherman upon 
the other. Their movements engage nearly the whole at- 
tention, and the narrative ceases to be intricate. The South 
was thoroughly exhausted. The seaports, with two or three 
exceptions, had been reconquered by the Union forces, and 
the whole seaboard was blockaded. The Federal army was 
swollen to more than a million of men. The effective Con- 
federate solcliers scarcely numbered one hundred and fifty 
thousand, and were ragged, hungry, shivering, and anxious 
about their starving families at home. It was gravely pro- 
posed to arm the slaves, and an Act was passed for their 
employment in military service. 

2. Some informal and fruitless efforts toward pacification 



1. When did the war terminate? To what had the arena of conflict been re- 
stricted? What movements engage the attention at this time? What had been 
reconquered by the Union forces ? What Act was passed ? 

2>. What attempts had been made? What Act was passed on 31 Jan.? What 
was done the following day ? What operations remained to be carried out ? 

14 



314 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1865. 



had been made in the by-gone year, and a proclamation 
offering peace had been issued. At the end of January 
President Lincoln met near Fortress Monroe a Confederate 
commissioner, but the conference was without result (30 
Jan.). The next day the Act to abolish slavery was passed 
by the United States Congress (31 Jan.) ; and the following 
day the Thirteenth Amendment (see p. 360) to the Constitu- 
tion was presented to that body. The issues of the war 
were left to the decision of arms ; but hostilities were 
energetically prosecuted on only two lines. The important 
divisions of the campaign — two parts of a single plan — are, 
accordingly, the operations in Virginia, and the operations in 
the Carolinas. 

3. Ofjerations in Virginia. — Throughout the winter, Lee, 
who had at length been made, nominally, commander-in- 
chief, lay in his long lines in front of Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, holding them with less than forty thousand men 
against nearly two hundred thousand. Before Petersburg 
should be assailed in force, all the railroads by which the 
Confederates were supplied were to be cut or captured be- 
hind them. In pursuance of this object, Sheridan moved up 
the Shenandoah Valley with most of his force, routed the 
remnant of Early's command at Waynesboro, capturing 
most of it, and scattering the rest (5 March). Crossing the 
Blue Ridge, he received the surrender of Charlottesville the 
next day. He tore up the railroads for miles around, and 
employed a portion of his army in the destruction of the 
canal along the James River. The high waters in the 
stream prevented its passage, and saved Lynchburg. The 
expedition joined Grant, having traversed and pillaged 
thirteen of the most productive counties in the State, and 
having broken most of the lines by which Lee's troops were 
supplied. 



3. Who was made commander-in-chief? What was to be accomplished before 
the assault upon Petersburg ? Detail the movement made by General Sherman. 
What was accomplished by the expedition ? * 



1865.] ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



315 



4. Grant continued to extend his lines to the left, so as to 
sweep round Petersburg, seize the remaining line of supply 
or retreat, and turn the Confederate flank. He received a 
bloody check at Hatcher's Run (6 Feb.). His intrenchments 
were broken, and his left wing endangered by a bold assault 
at Fort Steadman (25 March), which failed to attain its 
object. The end was approaching, and was not averted by 
the blow given to the flanking force under Warren, and by 
the repulse of Sheridan's cavalry at Five Oaks (31 March). 
For Sheridan returned next day, supported by the infantry, 
and attacked the Confederates on both wings. " They did all 
that men may. Forming front both west and south, they 
met with a desperate valor this double onset. But it was 
vain." They were crushed and routed. Five thousand 
prisoners were claimed by the Federals. Next morning the 
thin lines of Lee round Petersburg were pierced in three 
places (2 April). The ensuing night Petersburg and Rich- 
mond were evacuated, and a rapid retreat toward Danville 
was commenced, in the hope of uniting with Johnston on 
the North Carolina border. The Confederate army had been 
so much reduced by slaughter, and capture, and disease, and 
desertion throughout the anxious winter, that only twenty- 
five thousand were withdrawn from the thirty-five miles of 
intrenchments which they had held so long. The pursuit 
was conducted with unrelenting vigor. The retreating foe 
was overtaken, turned off from its route, and pressed toward 
Lynchburg, which Stoneman was approaching from the 
west. Resistance was made in many gallant encounters, 
which were always successful, except at Sailor's Creek; but 
resistance proved a vain sacrifice of life. Numbers fell ex- 
hausted by the way ; numbers straggled and fled ; for those 
who stuck to their standards there was no time for rest, for 



4. What did Grant continue to do ? What was approaching ? Describe Sheri- 
dan's movements. What is said of Lee's lines ? What cities were evacuated ? 
What was commenced ? Relate the succeeding events. Whom did Lee find at Ap- 
pomattox Court House? How was bloodshed^ arrest ed ? WJiat did General Grant 
receive ? What did General Lee do ? 



316 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1S65. 



sleep, for food— and there was no food. The wagon -trains 
were cut olf, captured, or destroyed. The stores expected on 
the march were not obtained. At Appomattox Court-House, 
Lee found Sheridan in his front ; and the main Federal army 
was rushing up on the flank and rear. General Gordon at- 
tempted to cut through the forces which barred the way. 
But the unavailing bloodshed was arrested by the surrender 
(9 April), which was refused to the first demand. General 
Grant declined to receive General Lee's sword, and merited 
honor for his honorable treatment of the vanquished army, 
and for his firm maintenance of the stipulations of the sur- 
render. General Lee addressed a brief and touching farewell 
to his troops, ended his military career, and earned in peace 
even a wider admiration than he had won in war, by the 
silent endurance and serene grandeur of his few remaining 
years. 

5. On the retreat of the Confederates, Petersburg and 
Richmond were occupied by the Federal troops (3 April). 
The Confederate capital was in flames. The destruction of 
the public property, warehouses, stores, vessels, and bridges 
had set fire to the city, and the most valuable portion was 
burnt down. The officers of the Confederate and State Gov- 
ernments made a timely escape. Mr. Davis, with most of his 
Cabinet, retired to Danville and issued a proclamation full 
of delusive hopes. From Danville they hastened to Greens- 
boro, and thence proceeded to Charlotte, North Carolina, 
where the last pretence of a Confederate Government was 
abandoned. President Lincoln visited City Point and Rich- 
mond, and authorized the return of the State authorities 
and the reassembling of the legislature, but the permission 
was soon withdrawn (20 April). 

6. Operations in the Carolinas. — Sherman had been 

5. What cities were occupied by Federal troops? What was destroyed by fire? 
Who made their escape? To what place did Mr. Davis and his cabinet retreat? 
What was issued ? What was done by President Lincoln ? 

6. What had Sherman been ordered to do ? Describe his course. What city was 
burnt? Who was appointed to command? Give an account of the subsequent 
movements. What further movements were made by the Federal commander ? 



1865.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



317 



ordered to join Grant by water, but the difficulties of trans- 
portation appeared so great that he was allowed to conduct 
his array from Savannah by land. He set out from the sea- 
board of South Carolina (15 Feb.), and aimed for Golds- 
bo ro, North Carolina, where he was to meet supplies. 
Forcing his way through the gloomy swamps, and burning 
dwellings and other buildings, he pushed forward his several 
columns, and reached Columbia, the beautiful capital of 
South Carolina (17 Feb.). It was committed to the flames 
by the invaders, whose march through the State was marked 
by ruin, plunder, and the destruction of houses. Beauregard, 
with weak and scattered forces, drew back as the Federals 
advanced. At his request General Joseph Johnston was 
appointed by General Lee to command against his old ad- 
versary in circumstances almost desperate (25 Feb.). Sheiv 
man's march was scarcely opposed. General Wade Hampton 
gained an advantage in an action at Solemn Grove (8 March) ; 
but there was no Confederate force in the field to arrest the 
Federal advance. Hardee evacuated Charleston (18 Feb.) 
when it was flanked by the capture of Columbia, and suc- 
ceeded in reaching North Carolina before Sherman. The 
Federal commander arrived at Fayette ville without serious 
check or delay (11 March), and then moved on toward 
Goldsboro, and encountered Hardee at Moore's Cross-Roads 
(Averysboro). A stubborn action ensued (16 March), but 
the Confederates retired in the night. He was opposed again 
at Bentonsville (19 March) by General Johnston in person 
with fifteen thousand men. Six successive assaults were 
made on his left wing, but without effect. The junction with 
Suhofield from Newbern, and Terry from Wilmington, was 
effected (22 March), and the new base for his supplies, on 
the coast of North Carolina, was attained. 

7. The Confederate armies in Virginia and North Caro- 

? . What formed the wings of the Confederate army ? What had been done to the 
railroads ? What was done by Sherman after a fortnight's rest? What did he re- 
ceive, and where? How were the terms arranged ? By whom disapproved? Who 
had been assassinated ? 



318 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1865. 



Una formed the severed wings of one array, and were each 
faced by overpowering forces. The railroads were cut be- 
hind the Confederates by General Stoneman's rapid expedi- 
tion from East Tennessee, which broke the communications 
at Wytheville and Christiansburg in Virginia, at Greens- 
boro and Salisbury (solz'ber-ry), and the Catawba in North 
Carolina, and appeared near Lynchburg at the time of Lee's 
surrender (March). After a fortnight's rest, Sherman re- 
sumed offensive operations (6 April) ; Johnston retreated 
toward Hillsboro and Greensboro. Near Raleigh, Sherman 
received from Johnston proposals of surrender (14 April). 
The terms were arranged by a personal conference at Dur- 
ham's Station (17, 18 April). They were disapproved by the 

United States Govern- 
ment. They accorded 
with President Lin- 
coln's expressed senti- 
ments ; but President 
Lincoln had been assas- 
sinated on Good Friday 
(14 April), and the 
Northern population 
was intensely excited. 
Sherman was ordered 
to press hostilities, and 
Grant arrived to take 
the supreme direction, 
but he did not interfere 
with his able lieutenant. 
Johnston could not 
continue the war; he had no choice but to surrender. His 
army laid down their arms on the same conditions that had 
been accorded to Lee (26 April). 

8. The officers of the Confederate Government left Char- 




8. How did the officers of the Confederate srovernment seek safety? What cities 
were captured ? Who surrendered to General Canby ? 



1865.] 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



319 



lotte, and sought safety in flight. Breckinridge and Ben- 
jamin escaped from the country. Mallory was captured. 
President Davis was taken at Irwinsville, Georgia (10 May), 
and imprisoned at Fortress Monroe. Alabama and Georgia 
were overrun by General Wilson with an expedition from 
Nashville (March, April), and Selma, Montgomery, Colum- 
bus, and Macon were captured. Mobile yielded to a com- 
bined attack by land and water (12 April). All the Confed- 
erate troops east of the Mississippi surrendered to General 
Canby (4 May), and all beyond the Mississippi were in like 
manner surrendered to him about three weeks later (26 
May). 

9. In this year, and previous to Mr. Lincoln's death, the 
Reciprocity Treaty with Great Britain, which accorded free- 
dom of trade between the United States and the British 
possessions in North America, was abrogated (18 Jan.). A 
bureau, for the support or employment of the freed men, 
was established (3 March). Its functions were largely ex- 
tended by subsequent legislation. Mr. Adams, the minister 
at the Court of St. James, demanded reparation for the in- 
juries inflicted on American commerce by the Confederate 
cruisers built and bought in British harbors. While the 
Civil War was in progress in the United States, Louis 
Napoleon had sent a powerful French army to Mexico, had 
conquered the country, established an empire there, and 
seated an Austrian prince, the Emperor Maximilian, on the 
throne. The defeat of the Southern Confederacy was fatal 
to the plans of the French emperor, to the Mexican empire, 
and to the Mexican emperor. 



9. What treaty was abrogated in this year? What was established? What repa- 
ration was demanded from Great Britain? What had Louis Napoleon done daring 
the Civil War ? What was fatal to his plans ? 



320 



HIST OB Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1865. 



CHAPTEE VI. 

Administrations of President Johnson and President 
Grant, 1865-70. 

Summary, — 1. Reconstruction.— National Debt. 2. Andrew Johnson presi- 
dent. 3. Apprehension and Trial of the Assassins of President Lincoln.— 
Amnesty Proclamation. 4. Suppression of the Rebellion declared. 5. Recon- 
struction of the Southern States. 6. Bills passed. 7. Laying of the Atlantic 
Cable. 8. Passage of the Tenure of Office Bill.— " Reconstruction Measures." 
9. Admission of Nebraska. — Acquisition of Alaska. — Treaty with Denmark. — 
San Domingo seeks annexation. 10. Invasion of Mexico. — Death of Maxi- 
milian. 11. Impeachment of President Johnson. 12. Presidential election. 
13. Treaty with China. 14. Adoption of Fifteenth Amendment. 15. Policy 
of Grant's Administration. — Completion of Pacific Railroad. — Death of Mr. 
Peabody. 1 6. Readmission of Texas, Mississippi, and Virginia. — Political 
enfranchisement. 17. Calamities by fire, flood, etc. — Death of General Lee. 
18. Census of the United States taken. 19. Recapitulation. 

1. The character and the limits of this work have per- 
mitted only brief notices of the events of the War of Seces- 
sion. The treatment of the subsequent years must be still 
more concise. They have been chiefly occupied with the- 
process of reconstructing the seceding States, and the re- 
construction is not completed (Dec, 1870). The Confederate 
debt was repudiated by the decree of the victorious section ; 
but the Federal debt at the close of the war amounted to 
$2,773,000,000 ; and the men enlisted in the Federal armies 
during the war reached nearly two million seven hundred 
thousand. Such expenditures and such forces left a heavy 
load upon the people. 

2. The assassination of Mr. Lincoln placed Andrew John- 
son, of Tennessee, the vice-president, in the presidential chair. 
On entering upon his office, he declared that " treason is a 
crime, and must be punished as a crime." His views under- 



1. With what were the subsequent years^occupied ? What was done with the 
Confederate debt? What was the Federal del>t ? 

2. Who became president by the death of Mr. Lincoln ? 



1865.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF PRESIDENTS JOHNSON & GRANT. 321 



went great change before he retired from the govern- 
ment. 

3. The first energies of the new administration were di- 
rected to the apprehension of those who had been concerned, 
or who were alleged to 
have been concerned, in 
the murder of President 
Lincoln, and in the 
attempted murder of 
Secretary Seward. J. 
Wilkes Booth, who had 
fired the fatal shot at 
the late president, was 
pursued, and discov 
ered in a barn near Port 
Royal, Virginia. The 
barn was set on fire, and 
he was shot down, after 
refusing to surrender 
(25 April). Powell, 
Harold, Atzerot, and Mrs. Surratt, were declared guilty by 
a military court, and were hanged (7 July). Several others 
were imprisoned for years, or for life. Large rewards were 
offered for the capture of Jefferson Davis, C. C. Clay, Jacob 
Thompson, etc., on the accusation of complicity in the 
crime. Mr. Davis was captured and confined in Fortress 
Monroe, as has been stated. After two years he was re- 
leased on bail (13 May, 1867). He was never tried, but was 
discharged under the Proclamation of General Amnesty 
(July, 1868). The first Amnesty Proclamation (29 May, 
1865) excluded from its benefits fourteen specified classes of 
Confederates, but to these the prospect of pardon was offered 
on individual application. 




3. Efforts made for the apprehension of the assassins. Rewards offered 
Amnesty proclamation. 

14* 



322 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1866. 



4. The Southern ports were partially reopened to trade 
(1 July), and after the lapse of nearly a year from the 
cessation of armed hostilities, the president proclaimed the 
suppression of the rebellion (2 April, 1866). 

5. The restoration of the seceding States to the Union 
early engaged the attention of the president, and, at a later 
period, of Congress. The president authorized the assumption 
of the government in Virginia by Francis H. Pierpont, the 
titular governor under a constitution framed at Alexandria 
(9 May), and instituted provisional governments in North 
Carolina (29 May) and other Southern States. This proce- 
dure did not accord with the views of the majority in Con- 
gress, and a joint committee was appointed (13 Dec;.), to 
which was referred all matters connected with the repre- 
sentation and organization of the excluded States. 

6. A bill for the continuance and extension of the Freed- 
men's Bureau (19 Feb., 1866), a Civil Rights Bill (9 April), 
a Fourteenth Amendment (p. 361) to the Constitution, 
conferring on the negroes equal privileges and immunities 
w T ith the whites, and making them citizens (21 July, 1868), 
and bills giving the elective franchise to colored citizens 
in the District of Columbia (8 Jan., 1867) and in the 
Territories (24 Jan.) were passed by Congress over the 
president's veto. 

7. After four failures, and the expenditure of $56,000,000, 
an electric cable was successfully laid on the bed of the 
Atlantic, between the shores of Ireland and Newfoundland 
(29 July, 1866). The cable of 1865, which had broken and 
been abandoned, was fished up in mid-ocean, spliced, and 
completed (1 Sept.). Thus two lines of electric communica- 
tion between Europe and America were established during 
the year. For the success of this great enterprise much 



4. Southern ports reopened. " Suppression of the rebellion 1 ' proclaimed, 

5. Attention of the government directed to reconstruction measures. Committee 
appointed. 

6. Passage of bills. 

7. Laying of the Atlantic cable. 



1 868.1 A DMINISTBA TIONS OF PRESIDENTS JOHNSON & GRANT. 323 



credit was due to the zeal and energy of Mr. Cyrus W. 
Field of New York. 

8. The majority in Congress were embittered by the fre- 
quent vetoes by which the president endeavored to arrest or 
defeat enactments considered by him in violation of the Con- 
stitution. They restricted his power by passing the Tenure 
of Office Bill (10 Jan., 1867), which deprived him of the 
privilege of removing government officials without the con- 
currence of their body ; and they took into their own hands 
the task of reconstruction, by dividing the Southern States 
into military districts, and placing them under military rule 
(2 March). This was the commencement of the extensive 
legislation known as " The Reconstruction Measures." 

9. Nebraska was admitted into the Union, notwithstand- 
ing the president's veto (1 March). It was the seventh 
State formed in the Mississippi basin from the purchased 
territory of Louisiana, and the thirty-seventh of the entire 
number of States. A dreary addition to the domain of the 
United States was made by the acquisition of Russian 
America for the sum of $7,200,000 (20 June). The name of 
Alaska was given to it. Its sole value at present consists 
of its harbors and fisheries, and furs, and coal. The precious 
metals have been found there, and may prevail to the same 
extent as in other parts of the Pacific region. A treaty was 
made by the president with Denmark for the purchase of 
the Islands of St. Thomas and St. John, in the West Indies, 
for $7,500,000 (l Feb., 1868), but it has not been ratified 
by the Senate. The Government of San Domingo offered a 
lease of the Bay of Samana, for $5,000,000, but the offer was 
not accepted, and a recent proposal to annex the whole of 
San Domingo to the United States was rejected by Con- 



8. What was done by President Johnson ? What by Congress ? By what term 
were these Congressional measures designated? 

9. What State was admitted ? From what purchase had this been formed ? What 
addition was made to the country? What name was given to it? What are its 
resources? What treaty was made? What did the Government of San Domingo 
offer ? Was it accepted ? 



324 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1 868. 



gress (1870), but has again been brought before it with great 
earnestness in the recent message of the president (Dec., 1870). 

1®. While the War of Secession was in progress, the 
Emperor Louis Napoleon directed the invasion and conquest 
of Mexico. The crown, with the title of emperor, was ac- 
cepted by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria. He was 
sustained by a French army under General Bazaine. This 
infringement of the Monroe doctrine was not overlooked, 
and the French Emperor was induced to withdraw his troops 
(Feb., 1867). The greater part of Mexico was rapidly re- 
gained by President Juarez {hwah'rez) and the Republicans. 
Maximilian was besieged in Querataro, betrayed by one of 
his officers (15 May), and shot (19 June). 

11. In the summer of 1867, President Johnson made a 
tour to the West, and bitterly denounced the designs and 
legislation of the Republican majority in Congress. When 
Congress reassembled the impeachment of the president was 
proposed (7 Dec), but the proposition failed for the time. 
It was renewed, however, on the president's attempt to 
remove Stanton from the office of secretary of war (24 Feb., 
1868). The preparations for the impeachment, and the trial, 
extended over three months, but the president was acquitted 
by one vote (26 May). 

12. The excitement of the impeachment was succeeded by 
the excitement of a presidential election. Horatio Seymour, 
of New York, and General Francis P. Blair, junior, of Mis- 
souri, were the candidates of the Democratic party ; but 
they were defeated by the Republican nominees, General 
U. S. Grant, and Schuyler Colfax (sky'ler cole' fax), of In- 
diana. No election was allowed in Virginia, Mississippi, 
and Texas, and the vote of Georgia for Seymour was left 
uncounted. 



1 0. Who invaded Mexico ? Who accepted the crown ? What induced the French 
emperor to withdraw? Give an account of the death of Maximilian. 

11. What did President Johnson do in the summer of 1867 ? What was proposed 
by Congress i What was the result ? 

1 2. What election took place at this period ? Who were the candidates ? 



1 S 69.] A I) MINIS TRA T10NS OF PRESIDENTS JOHNSON & GRANT. 325 



13. A commercial treaty with China was signed (18 June) 
through the intervention of Mr. Anson Buriingame, who 
had been appointed the extraordinary ambassador of the 
Chinese Empire to the United States and to the European 
courts. 

14. A Fifteenth Amendment (p. 362) of the Constitution, 
extending the right of voting to all citizens, w T as proposed 
(11 Jan., 1869), debated for six weeks, amended, altered, and 
finally agreed to (23 Feb.). Its adoption has been declared. 
Other amendments to the Constitution have been offered 
during the last two years, but they have not received the 
acceptance of Congress. 

15. General Grant entered upon the presidency with the 
promise of restoring 
tranquillity, and with 
the pledge of an eco- 
nomical administration 
of the government. 
The beginning of his 
administration was sig- 
nalized by the comple- 
tion of the Pacific Rail- 
road, connecting the 
Missouri with the Bay 
of San Francisco (10 /fa 
May). The last rail "<\ 
w r as laid, with impos- 
ing ceremonies, in a 
region which had been 
a vast wilderness ten 
years before, The exultation produced by this memorable 
event was followed by gloom in the close of the year, occa- 



1 3. What treaty was made, and with what country ? Who was the ambassador ? 

14. What was proposed at this time ? What had been offered ? 

15. Upon what basis did General Grant enter upon the presidency ? What sig- 
nalized the beginning of his administration ? What occasioned gloom during this 
year 




PRESIDENT GRANT. 



32G 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[1870. 



sionecl by the death of Mr. George Peabody, an American 
banker in London (4 Nov.). He had distributed nearly all 
of his vast fortune in promoting education and in provid- 
ing relief for the poor. He had appropriated more than 
$3,500,000 to the diffusion of elementary education in the 
impoverished States of the South. 

16. In the beginning of 1870, Texas, Mississippi, and Vir- 
ginia were readmitted to representation in Congress. The 
other Southern States had been previously readmitted (12 
June, 1868). Georgia was now excluded from representa- 
tion, and left under military rule and a provisional govern- 
ment. 

17. The closing year has been saddened by many calami- 
ties in the South, and especially in Virginia. One of the 
floors of the Capitol at Richmond fell, killing upward of 
sixty persons, and injuring one hundred and fifty more (27 
April). The village of Fincastle was destroyed by fire (7 
May). A most destructive freshet occurred in the streams 
descending from the Blue Ridge (29, 30 Sept.). More than 
a hundred lives were lost by the flood, and the bridges and 
mills were swept away throughout a wide tract of country. 
The inhabitants of the late Confederate States mourn, with 
vain regret and increasing admiration — an admiration spread 
through many lands — the death of their great and good 
commander, General R. E. Lee. He expired at Lexington, 
Virginia (12 Oct.), where he presided over Washington Col- 
lege. In his harmoniously blended character was exhibited 
all of which chivalry but dreamed. 

18. The Ninth Census of the United States was taken in 
this year. The returns, so far as received, indicate that the 
numbers of the population will approach forty millions. The 
national currency and credit have been so far restored, that 



16. Which States were readmitted? Which was left under provisional govern- 
ment \ 

1 7. Give an account of the calamities during the closing year. Whose death oc- 
curred at this period ? What was his character ? 

18. What was taken this year, and what was the increase of population ? 



1 870.] ADMINISTRATIONS OF PRESIDENTS JOHNSON & GRANT. 32? 



gold is quoted (Dec, 1870) at about 110; and the national 
debt is stated to have been reduced by about $355,000,000. 



19. The narrative has now traced the formation and de- 
velopment of the communities embraced within the United 
States from the discovery of America and the first European 
colonization, to the last days of the current year (1870). 
It has noted the struggles and growth of the English colo- 
nies, their wars, theif combination, their revolution, their 
federation, their dissensions, their increase in population, 
wealth, and power, till they have spread across the Conti- 
nent, peopled the wilderness, made it "blossom like the 
rose," and become one of the great powers of the earth. 
A comparison of the different maps will show the progress 
of territorial extension from age to age; and the text re- 
veals the steps and processes by which the feeble and 
scattered plantations of the colonial period swelled to three 
millions of people at the close of the Revolution, and grew 
to the forty millions of the present day, while the domestic 
productions and foreign trade of the country, its wealth and 
its revenues have been augmented in a still greater propor- 
tion. The late Civil War has left many woes and many 
bleeding wounds ; it has in many respects changed the 
interpretation of the Constitution, but it has bequeathed 
fuller consciousness of national power, and large capacities 
for national grandeur. All good men will pray with fervent 
hope that the Providence, which brings good out of evil, 
and overrules the issues of events, will so guide and govern 
the fortunes of the American people, that the future may 
produce blessings worthy of that happiness and prosperity 
which has in years past far surpassed any previously attained 
within the same limited number of centuries. 



19. What has the narrative now traced? What has it noted? Describe the 
development of the country. 



328 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART VI. 

1861. Bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter. 12, 13 April. 
" Secession of Virginia. 17 April. 

u Seat of the Confederate Government transferred to Richmond. 
22 May. 

" Alexandria occupied by Federal troops. 24 May. 

" Virginia troops gain a victory at Big Bethel, Va. 10 June. 

" Battle at Carthage, Mo. 5 July. 

" McClellan's successes at Rich Mountain, Va. 11 July. 

" Federal army routed at Manassas. 21 July. 

" Confederate victory at Springfield, Mo. 10 Aug. 

Leesburg, Va. (Ball's Bluff). 21 Oct. 

Belmont, Mo. 7 Nov. 
" Capture of Port Royal Harbor, S. C, by the Federals. 7 Nov. 

1862. Confederates defeated at Mill Springs, Ky. 19 Jan. 
" Fort Henry, Tenn., taken by the Federals. 6 Feb. 
" Capture of Roanoke Island. 8 Feb. 

" Fort Donelson, Tenn., surrendered to General Grant. 16 Feb. 
" Confederates defeated at Elktown (Pea Ridge), Mo. 8 March. 
" The ram Virginia sinks the Cumberland. 8 March. 
" Grant repulsed at Shiloh, Tenn. 6 April. Grant and Buell re- 
pulse Beauregard at Shiloh. 7 April. 
" New Orleans captured. 24 April. 

" Gen. Banks's retreat, and defeat at Winchester, Va, 22-26 May. 
" Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), Va. 31 May, 1 June. 
" u Stonewall" Jackson's victories at Cross-Roads and Port Re- 
public. 8, 9 June. 
" Seven Days' Battle before Richmond. 26 June — 1 July. 
" Jackson defeats Banks at Cedar Mountain, Va. 9 Aug. 
" General Pope routed at Manassas. (?) 30 Aug. 
" General Lee invades Maryland. 4 Sept. 
" Battle of South Mountain. 14th Sept. 
" Jackson captures Harper's Ferry. 15 Sept. 
" Battle of Sharpsburg or Antietam. 17 Sept. 
" Confederate victory at Perryville, Ky. 8 Oct, 
" General Burnside routed at Fredericksburg, Va. 13 Dec. 
" Federals repulsed at Vicksburg, Miss. 27-29 Dec. 
" Confederates defeated at Murfreesboro. 30, 31 Dec. ; 2 Jan. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE TO PART VI. 



329 



1863. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. 1 Jan. 
" The Federal fleet repulsed at Fort Sumter. 7 April. 

" Confederate victory at Chancellorsville, Ya. 2, 3 May. 

" General Lee invades Pennsylvania. 15 June. 

11 Confederates reoulsed at Gettysburg. 1-3 July. 

" Surrender of Yicksburg. 4 July. 

" General Morgan's raid in Ohio, and capture. 26 July. 

" General Rosecrans routed by the Confederates at Chickamauga. 
19, 20 Sept, 

" General Longstreet besieges Knoxville, Tenn. 18 Nov 

" The Confederates under Bragg routed at Chattanooga. 25 Nov. 

1864. Sherman's raid to Meridian, Miss. 3 Feb. — 4 March. 

" Confederate victory at Olustee (Ocean Pond), Fla. 20 Feb. 

" General Grant made Lieutenant- General. 3 March. 

" Confederate successes near Mansfield, La, 8, 9 April. 

" Capture of Fort Pillow, Tenn., by General Forrest. 12 April. 

" Battles of the Wilderness, Ya. 5-9 May. 

" Battle of Spottsylvania Court-House, Ya, 12 May. 

" Confederate victory at New Market, Ya. 15 May. 

" Beauregard defeats Butler near Drury's Bluff, Ya, 16 May. 

M Sherman repulsed by Johnston at New Hope Church, Ga. 
25 May. 

" Grant defeated at Cold Harbor, Ya. 3 June. 

" General Hunter routs the Confederates at Piedmont, Ya. 5 June. 

" Grant crosses the James River. 16 June. 

" Hunter retreats from Lynchburg, Ya. 19 June. 

" The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge off Cherbourg. 19 June. 

" Sherman repulsed by Johnston at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 
27 June. 

" General Early invades Pennsylvania. 5 July. 

" Confederate victory at Monocacy, Md. 9 July. 

" Battles at Atlanta, Ga. 20, 22, 28 July. 

u Explosion of the mine at Petersburg, Ya. 30 July. 

" Surrender of Atlanta, Ga. 3 Sept. 

" General Early defeated at Winchester, Ya, 19 Sept. 

" " routed at Fisher's Hill. 22 Sept. 

" The Florida captured at San Salvador, Brazil. 7 Oct. 

" General Early routed at Cedar Creek, Ya. 19 Oct. 

" Nevada admitted into the Union. 31 Oct. 

" Confederate success at Columbia, Tenn. 24-28 Nov. 

" Hood defeats Schofield at Franklin, Tenn. 30 Nov. 

44 Hood routed by Thomas at Nashville, Tenn. 15, 16 Dec. 



330 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1864. Capture of Savannah, Ga., by Sherman. 21 Dec. 

" First attack on Fort Fisher, N. C, repulsed. 25 Dec. 

1865. Second attack on Fort Fisher, and its capture. 13-15 Jan. 
" Reciprocity Treaty with Great Britain abrogated. 18 Jan. 
" Act to abolish slavery. 31 Jan. 

" Fortress Monroe conference. 30 Jan. 

" XHIth Amendment proposed. 1 Feb. Adopted. 25 Dec. 
" Capture and burning of Columbia, S. C. 17, 18 Feb. 
" General Early routed at Waynesboro. Ya. 2 March. 
" Sheridan's raid. March. 
" Freednien's Bureau established. 3 March. 
" Stoneman's raid in Virginia and North Carolina. March. 
u Confederates repel an attack at Averysboro, N. C. 16 March. 
" Battle of Bentonville, N. C. 19 March. 
" Federal forces repulsed at Hatcher's Run, Va. 29 March. 
" Confederates overpowered at Five Forks, Ya. 1 April. 
" Confederate lines at Petersburg, Ya., broken. 2 April. 
" Richmond and Petersburg evacuated. 2, 3 April. 
" Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court-House. 9 April. 
" Assassination of President Lincoln. 14 April. Andrew John- 
son, president. 

" Convention between Sherman and Johnston. 18 April. Dis- 
approved. 

" General Johnston surrenders at Durham's Station, N. C. 
26 April. 

u Rewards offered for Jacob Thompson, C. C. Clay, etc. 2 May. 
" Capture of President Davis. 10 May. 

" Surrender of Kirby Smith and the Trans-Mississippi Department. 
26 May. 

" First Amnesty Proclamation. 29 May. 

** Reconstruction of North Carolina Provisional Government. 
29 May. 

" Partial reopening of the ports. 1 July. 
1836. Freedmen's Bureau continued, 6 Feb. ; vetoed, 19 ; new bill, 
19 Feb. 

u Proclamation of the suppression of Secession. 2 April. 

" Civil Rights Bill, 13 March ; vetoed, 27 ; passed, 9 April. 

" XIV th Constitutional Amendment proposed, 13 June ; adopted, 
18 Dec, 1868. 

" Trans- Atlantic cable laid. 29 July. 
1867. Bill giving the elective franchise to colored citizens of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. Passed 8 Jan. over the president's veto. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS TO PAI?T VI. 



331 



1867. Bill for the admission of Colorado as a State passed, 16 Jan. ; ve 

toed, 19 Jan. ; failed to pass over the veto, 28 Feb. 
" Bill extending the elective franchise to colored citizens in the 

Territories. Passed 24 Jan. 
" Reconstruction Bill, Southern States Military Districts, passed 

20 Feb. ; vetoed, 2 March ; passed, 2 March. Supplementary 

Acts, 23 March, 19 July. 
" Tenure of Office Bill, passed 10 Jan. ; vetoed, 2 March ; passed 

over the veto, 2 March. 
" Nebraska admitted into the Union (over the president's veto, 

9 Feb.). 1 March. 
" General Bankruptcy Act passed. 2 March. 
" Russian America, Alaska, purchased. 20 June. 
u Attempt to impeach President Johnson. 7 Dec. 

1868. Resolution to impeach President Johnson adopted. 24 Feb. 
" President Johnson acquitted. 26 May. 

" Bill passed for the admission of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 

Georgia, Louisiana, North and South Carolina. 12 June. 
" Commercial treaty with China. 18 June. 
" General Amnesty Proclamation. 4 July. 

1869. XV th Amendment to the Constitution agreed to, 26 Feb. ; de- 

clared to be adopted, 1870. 
u General Grant, president. 4 March. 
u Pacific Railroad completed. 10 May. 
u Death of George Peabody. 4 Nov. 

1870. Admission of Virginia, 24 Jan. ; Miss., 17 Feb. ; Texas, 14 M'ch. 
" Remission of Georgia. 14 July. 

" Fatal crash at the Capitol in Richmond, Va. 27 April. 

" Destructive freshet in Virginia. 29, 30 Sept. 

" Death of General R. E. Lee at Lexington, Va. 12 Oct. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS TO PART YI. 

PAGE 

1. What was Lincoln's origin, and how was his administration occupied? 272 

2. How were actual hostilities brought on? 273 

3. What effect was produced by the fall of Fort Sumter? 273 

4. What other States seceded after Virginia ? 273, 274 

5. What changes resulted from the secession of Virginia? 274 

0. How are the military operations of the year distributed ? 274 

7. Give an account of the transactions in Western Virginia 275 

8. State the events in Eastern Virginia. 276 

9. What was the effect of the battle of Manassas ? 277 

10. What other actions in Virginia ?. 217 



332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PAGE 

11. Relate the movements in Missouri 277, 278 

12. What events took place in Kentucky? 27S 

13. What were the operations on the coast? 279 

14. How did the Confederates try to create a navy ? With what success ? 280 

15. What difficulties arose in connection with Mason and Slidell ? 280 

16. What was the result of this first campaign ? . . . 281 

17. What modes of raising money were adopted? 281 

IS. What Confederate disasters in the beginning of 1862? 282 

19. Give an account of the "Virginia" and the Monitor 1 ' 284 

20. What were the movements of MeClellan and Johnston ? 284 

21. State the circumstances of the battle of Seven Pines 2S4 

2*2. Describe Jackson's operations in the Valley 285 

23. Give an account of the Seven Days' battle 286 

24. Relate Pope's defeats 287 

25. Describe General Lee's invasion of Maryland -.87 

26. Give an account of Burnside's campaign 288 

27. State the important events in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana 28S, 289 

28. Narrate the invasion of Kentucky 290 

29. What was the course and issue of the battle of Murfreesboro ? 290 

30. What Federal advantage was gained on the Atlantic coast ? What Federal 

defeat? 290 

31. What new policy was adopted by President Lincoln ? 291 

32. What was the state of the Federal and the Confederate finances? 291 

33. What was the condition of the combatants at the close of the year? 291, 292 

■A. What was the character of the war in the third year ? 292, 293 

35. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville 293, 294 

36. Relate the events preceding, attending, and succeeding the battle of Gettys- 

burg 294, 295, 296 

37. What Federal raids were made in Southwestern Virginia? 29?; 

38. Relate the attempts to take Vieksburg, and its capture 296, 297 

39. What other Confederate disaster attended its fall? 297, 293 

40. Narrate Streight's and Morgan's raids 293 

41. What were the movements of Rosecrans and Bragg? 298, 299 

42. How did Grant retrieve Chickamauga 1 299 

43. What transactions took place at Knoxville? 299 

44. Relate the Federal operations against Charleston 299, 300 

45. What were the military results of the year ? 300 

46. What was the condition of the North and of the South ? 300 

47. What was the character of the fourth year of the war? 301 

48. What movements occurred in Florida, Mississippi, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Missouri, and North Carolina ? f 302 

49. Give an account of Kilpatrick's raid 303 

50. Describe the operations between the Rapidan and the Pamunkey 303, 304 

51. Give an account of Sigel's and Hunter's operations 305 

52. Describe the struggle on the Chickahominy 305. 306 

53. Narrate Early's march to Washington, and campaign in the Valley 307, 308 

54. Give an account of Sherman's advance to Atlanta 30S, 309 

55. Describe Hood's movement on NashviUe 309, 310. 

56. Relate Sherman's march to the sea 310 

57. What events took place in the fourth year on the sea and the seaboard ?. 311, 312 

58. What other notable occurrences during the year ? 312 



REVIEW QUESTIOXS TO PART VI. 333 



PAGE 

59. What was the aspect of affairs in the fifth spring? 313 

00. Were any artempts at pacification made ? 313, 314 

61. Give an account of the overthrow and surrender of Lee 314, 315 

62. What was the fate of Richmond, and what the course of the Confederate 

State officials? 3! 6 

63. Relate the operations in North Carolina 316, 317 

64. Under what circumstances did Johnston surrender? 318 

65. What became of President Davis ? 319 

66. How was the surrender of the Confederate forces completed ? 319 

67. What other events took place in the beginning of 1865 ?. _ . 320 

68. What has been the character of the period since the war ? 320 

6!». What was the spirit of Johnson's administration at first ? 321 

70. What measures were taken to restore the seceding States ? 322 

71. What great works were completed in 1866 and 1869 ? 322, 325 

72. What amendments to the Constitution were adopted ? 322, 325 

73. What State was added to the Union ? When were the Southern States re- 

stored? 323, 326 

74. What additions to the territory of the United States were made and proposed ? 323 

75. What were the fortunes of the Emperor Maximilian ? 324 

76. What attempts were made to impeach President Johnson ? 324 

77. Who were the candidates at the presidential election, and who were elected? 324 

78. With what Asiatic State was a treaty made ? 325 

79. How did General Grant commence his administration ? 325 

80. What eminent men died in I860 and 1S70 ? 326 

81. What calamities afflicted Virginia in 1870 ? 326 

82. What is the estimated population of the ninth census ? 32T 



334 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



I. — Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States. 



8= 
9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 
18. 



PRKSIDKNTS. 



George Washington. 
John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson. . . 
James Madison 



James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren . . . 
William H. Harrison. 

John Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore , 

Franklin Pierce. ... 
James Buchanan 



Abraham Lincoln. 

Andrew Johnson.. 
Ulysses S. Grant. . 



FROM WHAT STATE. 



Virginia 

Massachusetts . 

Virginia 



Virginia . 



Virginia 

Massachusetts . 



Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshire. 
Pennsylvania . . . 

Illinois 



Tennessee . 
Illinois 



INAUGURATED. 



April 30, 
March 4, 



1789.. 
1797.. 



March 4, 1801 j 
March 4, 1809 -I 



March 4, 
March 4, 

March 4, 

March 4, 
March 4, 
April 6, 
March 4, 
March 5^ 
July 10, 
March 4, 
March 4, 

March 4, 

April 15, 
March 4, 



1817.. 
1825. . 

1829 -j 

183T.. 
1841.. 
1841.. 
1845.. 
1849.. 
1850.. 
1853.. 
1857.. 

1861 -j 

1865.. 
1869.. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



John Adams. 
Thomas Jefferson. 
Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 
George Clinton. 
Elbridge Gerry. 
Daniel D. Tompkins. 
John C. Calhoun. 
John C. Calhoun. 
Martin Van Buren. 
Richard M. Johnson. 
John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 
John C. Breckinridge. 
Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 

Schuyler Colfax. 



II. — Settlement and Admission of the States. 



I 



1. 

2. 

3. 

4, 

5. 

6. 

7, 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14." 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 



| Virginia 

i New York 

! Massachusetts 

i New Hampshire 

! Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

North Carolina 

New Jersey 

South Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska 



When. 



1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
17-20 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 



Where. 



Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor. . . 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 

Chowan River . . 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River 

Philadelphia 

Savannah 

Fort Dummer. . . 

Boonesboro 

Fort Loudon 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Mobile 

Bristol 

St. Louis 

Arkansas Post. . 

Detroit 

St. Augustine. . . 

San Antonio 

Burlington 

Green Bay . 

San Diego 

St. Paul 

Astoria 



By whom. 



English.... 

Dutch 

English.... 

English 

English 

English 

English.... 

Swedes 

English 

Dutch 

English 

English. ... 

English 

English 

English ... 

English 

English 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French... % . 

French 

French 

French.. . 
Spaniards. . 
Spaniards. . 

English 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Americans . 
Americans. 
Americans. 
English. . . . 
Americans. 



ADMIT- 
TED. 



1776 



1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1868 
1*64 
1867 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



335 



THE 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

Adopted by Congress July 4. 1776. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unaliena- 
ble rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- 
ness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; 
that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these 
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
that governments long established, should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, 
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pur- 
suing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them 
under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off 



336 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of 
government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a 
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct ob- 
ject, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To 
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and press- 
ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihila- 
tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State 
remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion 
from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavor ed to prevent the population of these States ; for 
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising 
the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 



THE DECLARA TION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



337 



He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to. the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging 
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument 
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 



338 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav- 
ored to bring* on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 

We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have 
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice 
and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, 
which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest 
of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of Amer- 
ica, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge 
of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and 
by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish 
and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance 
to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them 
and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be totally dissolved; 
and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to 
levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and 
to do all other acts and things which independent States may of 
right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



339 



[The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed and 
signed by the following members :] 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Josiah Bartlett, 
William W T hipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

CONNECTICUT 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

NEW YORK. 

William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



NEW JERSEY. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

DELAWARE. 

Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 



JOHN HANCOCK. 

Thomas Stone, 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

VIRGINIA. 

George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hey ward, jun., 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 



Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George W 7 alton. 



Copies of the foregoing Declaration were, by a resolution of Con- 
gress, sent to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees, or 
councils of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the con- 
tinental troops; and it was also proclaimed in each of the United 
States, and at the head of the army. 



THE 

CONSTITUTION 



OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



[Preamble.] 

We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for 
the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the 
Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

[The Legislative Department.] 

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section 2. t J ] The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, 
and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for 
Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 

* This is an exact copy of the original in punctuation, spelling, capitals, etc.,— in all respects 
except the words and figures which are enclosed in brackets, and the reference marks. 



Preamble. — For what purposes was the Constitution formed ? What three depart- 
ments of government are established under the Constitution ? Arts. The legislative, 
the judicial, and the executive : the legislative to enact the laws; the executive to 
enforce the laws ; and the judicial to interpret them. 

Article I. Sec. 1. — In whom is the legislative power vested, and of what does it 
consist ? 

Sec. 2. I 1 ] By whom are the representatives chosen, and how often ? What is an 
elector ? Ans. A person who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



341 



PI No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall be chosen. 

t s l Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may be included within this Union, according to 
their respective Numbers,* which shall be determined by adding to the 
whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a 
Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other Persons.f The actual Enumeration shall be made within three 
Years after the first meetiug of the Congress of the United States, and 
within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they 
shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed 
one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one 
Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts 
eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 
New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, 
and Georgia three. 

[ 4 ] When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, 
the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill 
such Vacancies. 

[ 5 J The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and 
other officers ;$ and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 

Section. 3. ^ The Senate of the United States shall be composed 

* Under the census of 1860 one representative is allowed for every 127,381 persons. 
+ Other persons" refers to slaves. See Amendments, Art. XIV., Sections 1 and 2. 
X The principal of these are the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, and postmaster. 

» 

[ 2 ] What are the qualifications for representatives ? 

[ 3 ] How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned ? When and how often 
was the census to be taken ? 

[ 4 ] How were vacancies in the representation from any State to be filled ? 

[ 5 ] What powers are delegated to the House of Representatives ? 

Sec. 3. I 1 ] Who compose the Senate of the United States ? By whom chosen ? For 
what period of time ? and to how many votes is each senator entitled ? How does 
a senator differ from a representative ? Ans. A senator is chosen by the legislature 
of his own State, for six years,— a representative is chosen by the people, for two 
years. 



342 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of two Senators from each. State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, 
for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

t 2 J Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the 
first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated 
at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Ex- 
piration of the fourth Year, and of the third class at the Expiration of 
the sixth Year, so that one-third maybe chosen every second year; 
and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Re- 
cess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make 
temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such Vacancies. 

W No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

W The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 

f 6 ] The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President 
pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall 
exercise the Office of President of the United States. 

W The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. 
When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall 
preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence 
of two-thirds of the Members present. 

W Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than 
to removal from Office, and Disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
Office of Honour, Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party 
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, 
Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. 

[ 2 ] Into how many classes were they at first divided, and for what purpose ? What 
provision is made for vacancies ? 

[ 3 ] What are the necessary qualifications for a senator? 
[ 4 ] What two offices does the vice-president fill ? 
5 ] What officers can the Senate choose ? 
6 ] What further power has this body ? 

[ 7 ] In cases of impeachment, how far may judgment extend ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. S43 

Section 4. t J J The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections • 
for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by 
the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law 
make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of chusing 
Senators. 

W The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such 
Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
by Law appoint a different Day. 

Section 5. t 1 ! Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Re- 
turns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each 
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may 
adjourn from day to clay, and may be authorized to compel the Attend- 
ance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as 
each House may provide. 

t 2 l Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish 
its Members for disorder^ Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a Member. 

C 3 1 Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from 
time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their 
Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members 
of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of those 
Present, be entered on the Journal. 

[ 4 J Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the 
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. W The Senators and Representatives shall receive a 
Compensation* for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid 
out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, 



* The present compensation is $5,000 a year, and an allowance of 20 cents for every mile of travel 
to and from the national capital. 



Sec. 4. [ J ] For what does the legislature of each State prescribe ? 
[ 2 ] How often, and when, does Congress assemble ? 
Sec. 5. [ 2 ] Of what is each House the judge ? 
' 2 ] What other powers does each House possess ? 
' 3 ] What is each House required to keep ? 
' 4 ] What restrictions are placed upon this body? 

Sec. 6. [ J ] What do they receive for their services, and from what are they exempt ? 



344 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from 
Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective 
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any 
other Place. 

PI No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which 
he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority 
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emolu- 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no 
Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member 
of either House during his Continuance in Office. 

Section 7. M AH Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
Amendments as on other Bills. 

t 2 ] Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it, but if 
not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it 
shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their 
Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration 
two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, 
it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of Both 
Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the 
Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal 
of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the 
President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 
presented to him, the Same shall be a law, in like Manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, 
in which Case it shall not be a Law. 



[ 2 ] Can a senator or representative hold a civil office ? 

Sec. 7. [*] In which branch of the government do revenue bills originate ? 

[ 2 ] To whom are all bills presented, after they have passed the House ? If the 
president disapproves of the bill, what becomes of it ? How long can the president 
retain a bill, unsigned, before it becomes a law ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



345 



t 3 ] Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of Adjournment) shail be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved 
by him. or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules 
and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power 

L 1 ] To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay 
the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare 
of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be 
uniform throughout the United States ; 

L 2 ] To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; 

l 3 J To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 
several States, and with the Indian Tribes ; 

i 4 J To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization* and uniform 
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

L 6 ] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, 
and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 

L 6 1 To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities 
and current Coin of the United States ; 

L 7 ] To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 

t 8 l To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing 
for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Rightf to 
their respective Writings and Discoveries ; 

* The Naturalization laws require a foreigner to be in the country five years before he is en- 
titled to citizenship. 

f An Author obtains a copyright by application to the Librarian of Congress, and it is secured 
for twenty-eight years. 

An Inventoi secures a patent from the Patent Office, at Washington, for a certain number of 
years, prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 



[ 3 ] What power is delegated to the president in clause 3 ? 
Sec. 8. I 1 ] What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, etc. ? 
2 ] How can money be borrowed ? 
3 ] What can Congress regulate ? 
4 ] What rule and laws can it establish ? 
[ 5 ] What power has it in regard to money ? 
6 ] What jurisdiction over counterfeiting ? 
~ 7 ] What can it establish ? 

[ 8 ] How does it promote the progress of science and useful arts ? 



346 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

W To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 

t 10 ] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the 
high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations ; 

t n J To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make 
Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 

[is] rp Q ra j se an( j SU pp 0r t Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to 
that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; 

t 13 J To provide and maintain a Navy ; 

£ 14 ] To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land 
and naval Forces ; 

t 15 J To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of 
the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; 

t 16 J To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, 
and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Ser- 
vice of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Ap- 
pointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia 
according to the Discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

L 17 J To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over 
such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of 
particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of 
the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority 
over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the 
State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, 
Arsenals, Dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings ; — And 

L 18 J To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry- 
ing into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested 



[ 9 ] What tribunals can it constitute ? 

[ 10 ] What does it punish ? What is meant by high seas ? Ans. The water of the 
ocean beyond the limits of low-water mark. 

What authority is delegated in this clause? What are meant by letters of 
marque and reprisal ? Ans. Commissions granted to individuals, authorizing them 
to capture vessels, etc., of any other nation at war with the United States govern- 
ment. 

[ 12 ] What power is given in regard to armies, and with what restriction ? 
[ 13 ] What, in regard to a navy ? 
[ 14 ] What rules can it make ? 

[is] ;p or what purposes can the militia be called out? 

16 ] What is the law respecting the militia ? What right is reserved to the States ? 
17 ] Over what is exclusive legislation permitted ? What does the State legislature 
grant to Congress ? 

[is] What general powers are vested in this body ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



347 



by this Constitution in the Government of the United State?, or in any 
Department or Officer thereof. 

Section 9, W The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importa- 
tion, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 

W The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public 
Safety may require it. 

L 3 J No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

W No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Pro- 
portion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be 
taken. 

L 5 ] No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 

[ 6 J No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or 
Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 
Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
Duties in another. 

t 7 J No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence 
of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account 
of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

W No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And 
no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, 
without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolu- 



Sec. 9. p] What was the law of migration or importation of persons ? When w?.s 
this importation prohibited ? Ans. Jam 1. 1S0S. 

[ 2 J When can The writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? What is meant by a writ 
of habeas corpus ? Ans. A written order from a "magistrate directing that a certain 
person shall be brought before him. 

[ 3 ] What is embraced in this clause ? What is meant by bill of attainder ? Ans. 
An act of the legislature by which a person euilty of high crime may be put to death 
without other trial. What is an ex post facto law ': Ans. A law which makes an act 
punishable, which was not so a: the time of its commission, 

[ 4 ] How are taxes apportioned ? 

f 5 ] Can articles carried from one State to another be taxed '? 
[ 6 J What is the law regulating revenue and commerce ? 
f 7 ] What is the regulation imposed respecting public moneys '? 
[ s ] Can any titles be granted by the government, or any gifts be received by it* 
officials ? 



348 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



merit, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, 
or foreign State. 

Section 10. t 1 ] No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or 
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; 
emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Ten- 
der in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto 
Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title 
of Nobility. 

W No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Im- 
posts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its inspection Laws : and the net Produce of 
all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall 
be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws 
shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 

t 3 ] No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of 
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into 
any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign 
Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
Danger as will not admit of Delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

[The Executive Department.] 

Section 1. T 1 ] The executive Power shall be vested in a President 
of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the 
Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for 
the same Term, be elected, as follows: 

L 2 ] Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number 
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in 



Sec. 10. L 1 ] What restrictions are imposed upon the States ? 

[ 2 ] What prohibitions are the States under, regarding imposts, etc. ? 

[ 3 ] What restrictions are imposed under this clause ? 

Art. II. Sec. 1. [*] In whom is the executive power vested ? How long does he 
hold office ? Can he remain in office after the term expires ? Am. He may be re 
elected any number of times. 

[ 2 ] How are electors appointed ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



349 



the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an 
Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
Elector. 

* t 3 J The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant 
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all 
the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; which 
List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the 
Government of the United States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and 
the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest 
Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority 
of the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than 
one who have such Majority and have an equal Number of Votes, then 
the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one 
of them for President ; and if no Person have a Majority, then from 
the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse 
the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken 
by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; a 
Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from 
two-thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be neces- 
sary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, 
the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall 
be the' Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice 
President. 

W The Congress may determine the Time of chnsing the Electors, 
and the Day on which Xhey shall give their Votes ; which Day shall 
be the same throughout the United States. 



* This clause has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. 



[ 3 ] How were the electors to perform their duties ? In choosing the president, how 
were the votes taken ? How was the vice-president chosen ? 
[ 4 ] Who determines the time of choosing electors ? 



350 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



L 5 J No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that 
Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and 
been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. 

W In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his 
Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties 
of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the 
Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resig- 
nation, or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring 
what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act 
accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

H The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a 
Compensation, which shall neither be encreasecl nor diminished during 
the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United 
States, or any of them. 

^ Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the 
following Oath or Affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
" Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my 
" Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United 
" States." 

Section 2. W The President shall be Commander in Chief of the 
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several 
States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he 
may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each 
of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties 
of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves 



[ 5 ] What qualifications are necessary for the presidency ? 
[ 6 ] When does the office devolve upon the vice-president? 

[ 7 ] How is the president compensated for his services ? (The salary of the presi- 
dent is $25,000 per annum, and that of the vice-president is $8,000.) 
[ 8 ] What is the prescribed oath of office ? 
Sec. 2. [ A ] What powers are delegated to the president ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



351 



and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of 
Impeachment. 

L 2 1 He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the 
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the 
United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress inay by 
Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think 
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads 
of Departments. 

f 3 J The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may 
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions 
which shall expire at the End of .their next Session. 

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Infor- 
mation of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration 
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and 
in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the time of 
Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think 
proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he 
shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Com- 
mission all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of 
the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, 
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Mis- 
demeanors. 



[ 2 ] What are his powers in regard to foreign relations ? 
[ 3 ] What can he do with vacant offices ? 

Sec. 3. With what is he expected to furnish Congress ? What other duties is he 
expected to perform ? 
Sec. 4. On what grounds can the government officers be removed ? 



352 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ARTICLE III. 

[The Judicial Department.] 

Section 1. The Judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested 
in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Be- 
havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their Services, a Compen- 
sation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in 
Office. 

Section 2. M The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law 
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United 
States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Au- 
thority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — 
to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; — to Con- 
troversies between two or more States ; — between a State and Citizens 
of another State ; — between Citizens of different States, — between Citi- 
zens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, 
and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens 
or Subjects. 

W In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and 
Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court 
shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before men- 
tioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to 
Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as 
the Congress shall make. 

t s ] The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be 
by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said 
Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 



Art. III. Sec. 1. In whom is the judicial power of the United States vested, and 
for how long a period ? 
Sec. 2. I 1 ] To what cases does this judicial power extend ? 

[ 2 ] In what cases has it original jurisdiction? What is meant by appellate juris- 
diction ? Ans. Jurisdiction over cases appealed from a lower court. 
[ 3 ] How are crimes tried, and where ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



353 



any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress 
may by Law have directed. 

Section 3. M Treason against the United States, shall consist only 
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving 
them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason 
unless on the Testimony of two "Witnesses to the same overt Act, or 
on Confession in open Court. 

L 2 ] The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of 
Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, 
or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

[Miscellaneous.] 

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the 
public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in w T hich 
such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect 
thereof. 

Secton 2. t 1 ] The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Pri- 
vileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 

I 2 ] A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felon}^, or other 
Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall 
on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, 
be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the 
Crime. 

t 3 ] No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or 
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall 
be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour 
may be clone. 



Sec. 3. p] In what does treason consist ? 
[ 2 ] Who declares the punishment ? 

Art. IV. Sec. 1. [*] What provisions are contained in this section ? 

Sec. 2. [ J ] To what privileges are the citizens of each State entitled ? 

[ 2 ] What provision is made for criminals who have fled from one State to another ? 

[ 3 ] What regulation is made for the protection of employees ? 



354 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Section 3. W New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Juris- 
diction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction 
of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the 
Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

t 2 J The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property be- 
longing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall 
be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of 
any particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of 
them against Invasion, and on Application of the Legislature, or of the 
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic 
Violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, 
shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, 
when ratified by the Legislatures of three- fourths of the several States, 
or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Provided that 
no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth 
Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; and that no State, 
without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the 
Senate. 



Sec. 3. [}] How may new States "be admitted ? 

[ 2 ] What body has power to dispose of and regulate property belonging to the 
United States ? 
Sec. 4. What is guaranteed to every State ? 

Art. V. In what way are amendments to the Constitution proposed and made ? 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



355 



ARTICLE VI. 

W All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the 
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

L 2 J This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall 
be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound there- 
by, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary 
notwithstanding. 

t 3 ] The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Mem- 
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be 
bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or 
public Trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient 
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- 
ing the Same. 

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present 
the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one 
thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance 
of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witne§S 
whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, 

G° WASHINGTON— 
Presidt and deputy from Virginia 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. MASSACHUSETTS. CONNECTICUT. 

John Langdon Nathaniel Gorham Wm Saml Johnson 

Nicholas Gilman Kufus King - Roger Sherman 



Art. VI. [*] What debts does the Constitution recognize ? 

P] What is the supreme law of the land ? 

[ 3 ] Who are bound by oath to support the Constitution ? 

Art. VII. How many States were requisite for the ratification of the Constitution ? 



356 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NEW YORK. 

Alexander Hamilton 

NEW JERSEY. 

Wil Livingston 
Wm Paterson 
David Brearley 
Jona Dayton 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

B Franklin 
Robt Morris 
Tho Fitzsimons 
James Wilson 
Thomas Mifflin 
Geo Clymer 
Jared Ingersoll 

Attest : 



Gouv Morris 

DELAWARE. 

Geo Read 
John Dickinson 
Jaco Broom 
Gunning Bedford, Jun'r 
Richard Bassett 

MARYLAND. 

James M 1 Henry 
Danl Carrol 
Dan of St Tbos Jenifer 

VIRGINIA. 

John Blair 



James Madison, Jr 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Wm Blount 
Hu Williamson 
RichM Dobbs Spaight, 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

J Rutledge 
Charles Pinckney 
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
Pierce Butler 

GEORGIA. 

William Few 
Abr Baldwin 

William Jackson, Secretary. 



The Constitution having been reported to Congress on the 17th Sep- 
tember, 1787, was " submitted to a Convention of Delegates chosen in 
each State by the people thereof," and was ratified by the Conventions 
of the several States as follows : 



By Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, 
Georgia, 
Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, 
Maryland, 
South Carolina, 
New Hampshire, 
Virginia, 
New York, 
North Carolina, 
Rhode Island, 



on the 7th 
on the 12th 
on the 18th 
on the 2d 
on the 9th 
on the 6th 
on the 28th 
on the 23d 
on the 21st 
on the 26th 
on the 26th 
on the 21st 
on the 29th 



December, 1787. 

December, 1787. 

December, 1787. 

January, 1788. 

January, 1788. 

February, 1788. 

April, 1788. 



May, 
June, 
June, 
July, 



1788. 
1788. 
1788. 
1788. 



November, 1789. 
May, 1790. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



357 



AETICLES 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. 

Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, 
pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. 

(ARTICLE I.) 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
ble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

(ARTICLE II.) 

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be 
infringed. 

(ARTICLE III.) 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without 
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be 
prescribed by law. 

(ARTICLE IV.) 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- 
ported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 



AMENDMENTS.— Art. 1.— What privilege? are allowed the people in this article ? 

Art. II. — What is the law regarding 1 the militia? 

Art. III. — What is the law for the quartering: of soldiers ? 

Art. IV.— What rights are secured in this article ? 



358 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



(ARTICLE V.) 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Milita, when in 
actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person 
be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or 
limb ; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without 
due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
without just compensation. 

(ARTICLE VI.) 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have Compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in 
his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 

(ARTICLE VII.) 
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the 
United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

(ARTICLE VIII.) 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Art. V. — What protection is given to life and property ? 
Art. VI. — What is the law respecting criminal prosecutions ? 
Art. VII. — What provision is contained in this article ? 

Art. VIII.— What protection to persons and property is given in Article VIII. ? 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



359 



(ARTICLE IX.) 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

(ARTICLE X.)* 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respect- 
ively, or to the people. 

(ARTICLE XL)t 
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or 
Subjects of any Foreign State. 

(ARTICLE XII.)t 
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in 
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for 
as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — ■ 
The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House 



* The first ten amendments were proposed at the first session of the first Congress (1789), and 
declared adopted in 1791. 

t The eleventh amendment was proposed at the first session of the third Congress (1794), and 
declared adopted in 1798. 

% This article is substituted for Clause 3, Sec. I., Art. II., page 000, and annuls it. It was de- 
clared adopted in 1804. 



Art. IX.— Does the Constitution interfere with private rights ? 
Art. X.— What powers are delegated to the States and people ? 
Art. XI.— What limit is prescribed to the judicial power ? 
Art. XII.— Give the mode of electing president and vice-president, 



360 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be 
counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
dent, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, 
then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives 
shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing 
the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation 
from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall con- 
sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma- 
jority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House 
of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of 
choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next 
following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case 
of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. — The 
person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, shall be 
the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice 
President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the 
whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 
be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the 
United States. 

(ARTICLE XIII.)* 
Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 



* The thirteenth amendment was proposed at the second session of the thirty-eighth Con- 
gress (1865), and declared adopted in 1865. 



Akt. XIII. Sec. 1.— What provision is made against slavery ? 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



361 



Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

(ARTICLE XIV.)* 

Section I. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce 
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens 
of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person 
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. II. — Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- 
ber of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when 
the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President 
and Vice President of the United States, representatives in Congress, 
the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the 
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
state, being 21 years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any 
w r ay abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the 
basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which 
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of 
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. 

Sec III. — No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, 
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or 
as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitu- 
tion of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebel- 

* The fourteenth amendment was proposed at the first session of the thirty-nintJ Congress. I860, 
and declared adopted in 1868 



Sec. 2.— By what means can this law be enforced ? 

Akt. XIV. Sec. 1.— Who are citizens of the United States ? 

Sec. 2.— How are representatives apportioned ? 

Sec. 3.— What are some of the disqualifications for office . 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



lion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof 
But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such 
disability. 

Sec. IV. — The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not 
be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall 
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. V. — The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

(ARTICLE XV.)* 

Section I. — The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. — The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 



* The fifteenth amendment was proposed at the second session of the fortieth Congress, in 1869, 
and declared adopted in 1870. 



Sec. 4. — What is said of the public debt ? 
Sec. 5. — Who has power to enforce these provisions ? 
Art. XV. Sec. 1.— What is said of the right of suffrage ? 
Sec. 2. — By whom may this article be enforced ? 



APPENDIX. 



[The following letters received by the author, after the compilation 
of the history, will serve to confirm some of its figures, and, perhaps, 
to correct others.] 



Savannah, December 12, 1870. 

Geo. Fredk. Holmes, Esq., 
My Dear Sir : 

Your letter of the 5th instant would have been answered im- 
mediately if I had been able to find the necessary memoranda. 

I depend upon my memory for most of the numbers you ask 
for ; but as they are impressed and kept in my mind by being written, 
I am confident that they are all nearly correct. Those taken from 
record are marked thus * 

The figures express in every case what are called, in military 
returns, " Effective totals," that is to say, the number of men fit to go 
into battle. 

1861. 

I found at Harper's Ferry, May 24 , 5,200 men. 

On the 17th July the number had increased to (almost). . . 13,000 " 

On the 21st July we had on Bull Run and at Manassas. . .*29,000 " 
Of whom there were in the battle but (about) 13,000 " 

On the 30th September, this army, then at Fairfax Court- 
House, with large detachments near Dumfries and 
Leesburg, had been increased to 37,000 u 

On the 31st October, at Centreville, with the same detach- 
ments, it was *41,000 " 

At the end of November, including Gen. Jackson's troops 
in the Valley, and Gen. Holmes' near Fredericksburg, 
there were *47 000 " 

At the end of the year 1861, including the same *57,000 " 



364 



APPENDIX. 



1862. 

We had in the army near Yorktown, May 1st 50,000 men. 

Our rear-guard, that fought at Williamsburg, May 5th. . . 10,000 " 
Led to the position occupied near Rich- 



mond, May 17th 46,000 men. 

Men from hospitals, stragglers, and re- 
cruits found there .... 5,000 " 

On the 29th, J. R Anderson's troops 
(9000) called from Fredericksburg, 
Huger's (6500), from Petersburg, and 
Branch's from Gordonsville (3500)... . 19,000 " 



Of these there were on the field of Seven Pines, 31st May, 54,000 
In Tennessee and Mississippi. 

Gen. Bragg* s army at Murfreesboro, Dec. 31st *35,000 

1863. 

Gen. Pemberton's army about Yicksburg, May 1st 28,000 

Gen. Pemberton's army in battle of Baker's Creek, May 16*17,500 
Troops assembled under my command in Mississippi, 
after the investment of Yicksburg, 24,000 Infantry, 



2700 Cavalry 26,700 u 

1864. 

Army of Tennessee at Dalton, Jan. 20th, 31,700 Infantry 

and Artillery, 2300 Cavalry 34,000 " 

Army of Tennessee, May 1st, 40,464 Infantry and Artil- 
lery, 2400 Cavalry 42,864 u 

Army of Tennessee, July 10th, 40,656 Infantry and Artil- 
lery, 9971 Cavalry 50,627 " 



1865. 

In North Carolina. 

At Bentonsville, March 19th, 14,000 Infy. 1000 Cavalry,. 15,000 
At Smithfleld, April 10th, 19,500 Inf. and Art., 5000 Cav., 24,500 

Most respectfully yours, 

J. E. Johnston. 



APPENDIX. 



865 



University of Virginia, 

December 26, 1870. 

Prof. G. F. Holmes, 
My Dear Sir : 

In compliance with your request to give you my recollection of 
the effective force of the Army of Northern Virginia, in the various 
great battles in which it was engaged under General Lee's command, 
I have drawn up the table below, after a comparison of my own esti- 
mates and recollections with those of my comrade, Col. Walter H. 
Taylor, Aid-de-Camp to General Lee, and A. A. G. of the Army of 
Northern Virginia from June, 1862, to the close of the war. These 
recollections have been compared with those of Private Thomas TV 
White, of the 17th Virginia Regiment, detailed for clerical duty at the 
head -quarters of the army, who was distinguished for his faithfulness 
and accuracy in making out the field returns. 

Battles around Eichmond, beginning 25th June, 1 862. 
Effective Infantry, 70,000 ; Cavalry and Artillery, 7000 ; total, 77,000 
Of this force there were in the battle of Gaines' Mill (first Cold 

Harbor), about 50,000 

Second Manassas (Grove ton), Aug. 30. Our forces consisted of 

the following commands : 

Jackson's 16,000 

Longstreet's 15,000 

Anderson's 6,500 

Cavalry and Artillery 5,000 

Total 42,500 

Sharpsburg (Antietam), Sept. 17, 1862. 

Infantry, 29,000 ; Cavalry and Artillery, 8000 ; total 37,000 

Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. 

Infantry, 50,500 ; Cavalry and Artillery, 8000 ; total 58,500 

Of this force not quite one-third was actually engaged. 
Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863. 

Infantry. Anderson's and McLaw's divisions 13,000 

Jackson's command (exclusive of Early, 

who remained at Fredericksburg)... . 21,000 

Early's division 6,000 

Cavalry and Artillery 6,000 



Total 



46,000 



366 



APPENDIX. 



Gettysburg, July, 1863. 

Infantry, 55,000 ; Cavalry and Artillery, 9000. . 64,000' 

Wilderness, May, 1864. Second Day, May 6. 

Infantry, 42,000; Cavalry and Artillery, about 10,000 52,000* 

On the first day Longstreet's command, Anderson's divis- 
ion, and Johnston's brigade of E well's corps, were all 
absent, leaving us for the battle of May 5th, Infantry, 

less than 26,000 

Second Cold Harbor, June 3d, 1864. 

Infantry 42,000 

(Our losses at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-House, 
etc., having been made up by the addition of Pickett's, 
Breckinridge's, and Hoke's divisions, and Finnegan's 
brigade.) 

On June 5, Breckinridge's division sent back to the Valley. 

Its strength 2,500 

On June 12, Ewell's corps, about : 8,000 

Detached under Early with two battalions of artillery. 
The last returns of the army made before we left Petersburg 

and Bichmond gave the effective 33,000 

This return was before the disaster at the Five Forks. 
We left Petersburg, April 1st, 1865, with less than 25,000 



At the surrender at Appomattox Court-House we had in line of 
battle 8000 men. The enemy claimed to have paroled 26,000 
effectives, stragglers, etc. 

I am, with great respect, 

Yours very truly, 

Chas. S. Venable, 
Late Lt.-Gol. and A. D. C. 



The grateful thanks of the compiler of this work are tendered to 
General Jos. E. Johnston, General J. B. Gordon, and Colonel C. S. 
Yenable, for the valuable and important information kindly furnished 
by them. 

G. F. H. 



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